Transcript Chapter 3 – Carbon Compounds in Cells

Chapter 5 – Carbon
Compounds in Cells
Mr. Martino
College Prep Biology
5.1 Carbon is the main ingredient
of organic molecules
Other than water, carbon-containing
compounds are the most common in
cells
Organic compounds: carboncontaining compounds synthesized
by cells (> 2 million known)
Inorganic compounds: non-carbon
based molecules such as water,
oxygen, ammonia
Properties of Org. Comps. – con’t
Carbon skeleton: (backbone)
chain of C atoms in organic
molecules
Properties of Carbon:
Can form 4 single covalent
bonds
C- skeletons may vary in
length
Skeletons may be branched
Skeletons may form rings
Skeletons may have double
bonds
Hydrocarbon: organic
molecules only composed of
carbon and hydrogen
Properties of organic
compounds also depend
upon functional groups
which are groups of atoms
attached to C skeletons
Functional groups are
usually involved in rxns.
All are polar (O or N
present)
Polarity makes them
Hydrophilic: “water
loving” which is important
for life
Many molecules have
more than one functional
group
Monomer: single
molecular units
that build larger
units
Polymer: many
monomers linked
together making
a large molecule
Dehydration Synthesis:
the process of linking
monomers to form polymers
All unlinked monomers
have -H and -OH
Water is released
Ex. Building of all
macromolecules
Hydrolysis: breaking down
of large molecules into
smaller molecules
Add water
Reverse of dehydration
synthesis
Ex. digestion
5.2 Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates: “watered
carbon” – large class of
polymers including sugars
and starches
Contain C, H and O in
a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O)
Monosaccharide:
carbohydrate monomer
Most are sweet
Polar
Have 5 or 6 carbon
skeleton
Carbohydrates – con’t
Oligosaccharide: short
chain of 2 or more
monosaccharides
Disaccharide: 2
monosaccharides
Ex: lactose, sucrose,
maltose
Sucrose is the main
carbohydrate of plant sap –
used to nourish plant parts
(we use for table sugar)
Maltose is grain sugar –
used to nourish germinating
seeds (we use to make beer)
Polysaccharides: polymers
of hundreds to thousands
of monosaccharides
Starch: a storage
molecule in plant parts
All glucose
Coils (helix) and
may or may not
be branched
Used for E
Potatoes, corn, grains
Cellulose: polysaccharide
that serves to protect cells
and support organisms
Most abundant organic
compound on Earth
polymer of glucose
Unbranched rods
Joined by H-bonds
Cannot be hydrolyzed by
most animals
Fiber is necessary but
not as a nutrient
Glycogen: storage
polysaccharide found
in liver and muscle
cells of animals
Polymer of glucose
Helical shape
Identical to starch
except more
extensively
branched
Contains more E
than starch
Too much is
converted to fat
5.3 Lipids
Lipids: Diverse
compounds consisting of
mostly C and H linked by
nonpolar, covalent bonds
All are greasy or oily
to the touch
Nonpolar =
hydrophobic
“water fearing”
Include fats,
phospholipids, waxes,
and steroids
Fat: large lipid made of a
glycerol and three fatty
acids – triglyceride
Glycerol – an alcohol
with 3 C’s that have OH’s
Fatty acid – carboxyl with
a hydrocarbon chain
Stores more than twice
as much E than starch
Unsaturated: double bonds
Kinky – can’t pack tight
Oils (from plants)
Saturated: maximum # H’s
Solids (from animals)
Phospholipids: major
component of cell
membranes, protect
surfaces, regulate
functions
Similar to fats
Have P group & 2 fatty
acids attached to glycerol
Waxes: protect,
lubricate and cover
fruits, animals and
insects
A fatty acid + alcohol
More hydrophobic than
fats
Prevents desiccation
Sterols: lipids whose
C skeleton is bent to
form 4 fused rings
3 6-sided rings & 1
5-sided ring
Cholesterol is
present in animal
cell membranes,
form vitamin D, bile
salts for digestion
of fats & makes sex
hormones
Also known as
steroids
Nope, not them , HIM
!!!
5.4 Amino Acids and Protein Structure
Proteins: macromolecules essential to the
structure and function of cells
Polymers of amino acids
Most diverse of all organic compounds
Seven major classes:
Structural – spider silk, hair, and fibers of tendons &
ligaments, feathers and cartilage
Contractile – control muscle movement
Storage – (nutritious) stores amino acids
such as albumin, milk, many seeds
Defensive – antibodies of blood that fight infection
Transport – move molecules & ions across cell membranes
- includes hemoglobin which carries oxygen in blood
Signal (hormones)– certain hormones that carry messages
Enzymes – chemical catalysts that promote and regulate
most all chemical reactions
Amino Acids and Protein Structure – con’t
Amino acids: monomers of
proteins
20 different kinds that
make all the proteins
possible
Have four parts bonded to
a central carbon atom:
Amino group
Carboxyl group (acid)
Single hydrogen ion
R group – the one group
that varies between
them all
Determines the
properties of the
amino acid
Amino Acids and Protein Structure – con’t
Peptide bond: covalent
bond that forms by
dehydration synthesis &
is only found in proteins
Occurs between the
carboxyl group of one
A. A. and the amino
group of another
Forms polypeptides
which can range from
a few A. A.’s to
thousands
5.5 Protein’s 3-D Structure
There are 4 levels of protein
structure
Proteins are one or more
polypeptide chains folded in a
unique shape
Shape is extremely important for
the enzyme to recognize and
attach to its target
Denaturation: the process of
changing a protein’s shape so it
can no longer function properly
Ex. Cooking egg whites or
meats
Caused by heat, pH change,
salt concentration change,
or chemical balance change
5.7 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides: monomers
that make up nucleic
acids and ATP (adenosine
triphosphate)
Consist of a 5-C sugar
(deoxyribose in DNA,
ribose in RNA and
ATP), phosphate group,
and a nitrogenous base
5 nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A), thymine (T
– only in DNA), guanine
(G), cytosine (C), and
uracil (U – only in RNA)
5.7 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids: blueprints for
proteins (and life)
Two types: deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) & ribonucleic
acid (RNA)
DNA – the genetic
information inherited
from parents that
controls the life of the
cell and organism
Happy Halloween!!!!!!!
Yippee! It is time to study!