Transcript - adeleallison

Chapter 3 Ecosystem Ecology
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Read the chapter
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Part 1 down to biogeochemcial cycles
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Part 2 the rest of the chapter
Case Study – Haiti – Part 1
Case Study – Hubbard Brook – Part 2
Do the Math – Mangoes
Do the Math – Ecosystem Efficiency
Download the biogeochemical cycles 1 slide
to a page for part 2.
Case study and Do the Math should be done on
separate sheets since they are filed in separate areas
in your binder.
• Show all your work in the Do the Math.
Case Study
Reversing the Deforestation of Haiti
1. Which Haiti resource has been
degraded? Why
2. What did the U.S. Agency for
International Development do to help
Haiti
3. What were the results of the
International Development plan?
4. What solution seems to be working
in Haiti now?
Find Haiti on your map and label.
Do The Math – Raising Mangoes

A group of Haitian farmers decides to plant mango trees.
Mango saplings cost $10 each. At maturity, each tree will
produce $75 worth of fruit each year. A village of 225
people decides to pool its resources and set up a plantation.
The goal is to generate a per capita income of $300 per year
for the entire village.
1. How many trees will the village need to meet the goal?
2. Each tree requires 25m2 of space. How many hectares
must the village set aside for the plantation? (1ha =
10,000m2)
3. Each tree requires 20L of water per day during the 6 hot
months (180 days). The water must be pumped from a
nearby stream. How many liters of water are needed each
year to water the plantation of trees?
ECOSYSTEMS
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Ecosystem
definition:

Organisms
living there are
determined by:
Desert Ecosystems
 What
can you determine from an analysis of
this map?
Ecosystem Boundaries

Boundaries are provided by the biotic and abiotic
components of the ecosystem.
Subjective boundaries
Why would an ecosystem
be hard to define?
Which ecosystems would
be easier to define?
Energy Flow
 Living
organisms are temporary storage units
for useful energy. What type?
 One organism can be used by another as a
source of energy.
 Levels –
nd law of
 Transfer of energy – 2
thermodynamics?
 Energy cannot recycle; therefore:
Autotrophs and Energy
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Autotrophs
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Definition
Examples
What % of energy goes to
the plant?
• What is this energy called?
• What % is left and what
happens to it.
• What happens to the GPP?
Photosynthesis
 Energy
from?
 Occurs in?
 Requires?
 Produces?
 Formula?
 Why does it require
 6H20 and 6CO2
Getting Energy for Survival
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Cellular Respiration
• Definition
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Comparison to
photosynthesis:
Used by:
Energy produced
is called:
Comparison
Photosynthesis
1. Occurs in
2. Energy from
3. Reactants
4. Products
5. Formula
Cellular Respiration
Consumers/Heterotrophs
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Get their food by eating or breaking down all or
parts of other organisms or their remains.
 Herbivores
 Carnivores
 Omnivores
 Scavengers
 Decomposers
Two Secrets of Survival: Energy Flow
and Matter Recycle
Survival depends on:
1. Flow of energy
2. Flow of matter
(biomass) through
the body.
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Figure 3-14
Biomass:
ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS
 Tropic
Levels: levels in the feeding structure
of organisms.
Food Chains and Food Webs
 Food
Chain:
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 Food
web:
 Which
is a
more realistic
model? Why?
SNAKE
BIRD
FROG
INSECT
PLANT
7. Which organism is an
omnivore?
8. Which organism belongs
to more that 1 tropic
level?
1. How many food chains
are in this food web?
2. Which organism is a
herbivore?
3. Which organism is an
autotroph?
4. Which organism is a
3rd order heterotroph?
5. Which tropic level does
the organism of #4
belong to?
6. Which organisms
belong to more than
one food chain?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Producer(s)?
1st Tropic level
2nd Tropic level
3rd Tropic level
4th Tropic level
Herbivore(s)?
Onmivore(s)?
Identify all the
organisms in one
food chain.
Tropic Levels
Significance of a pyramid?
• Amount of biomass.
• Number of organisms.
• Amount of energy
available.
Number of tropic
levels? Why?
Tropic Levels
2nd Law of Thermodynamics – what happens to
the energy lost with each transfer?
Ecological Efficiency
 Definition
 Tropic
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levels
Plants/producers 100%
Primary consumers:
Secondary consumers:
Tertiary consumers:
Do The Math
Start with the first trophic level grass at 100,000 kcal.
1. How much energy moves to the second trophic
level – primary consumers – rabbits at 12%
ecological efficiency
2. Calculate the energy going to the fox at 14%
ecological energy.
3.
Calculate the energy going to hawk at 8%
Hawk
Fox
Rabbits
Grass100,000 kcal
Ecosystem Productivity
 The
amount of energy available in an
ecosystem determines how much life the
ecosystem can support.
 GPP – Gross primary productivity
 NPP
– Net primary productivity
 NPP
= GPP – respiration by producers
GPP and NPP
 Converting
sunlight
into chemical energy
is NOT an efficient
process.
 GPP
= __ %
 NPP = __ % of __%
NPP of Ecosystems
Most productive
ecosystems?
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Continental
Marine
 Why?
Least productive
ecosystems?
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Continental
Marine
 Why?
Biodiversity Loss and Species
Extinction: Remember HIPPCO
H
for
 I for
 P for
 P for
 C for
 O for
Energy Transfer
 Biomass:
 Standing
crop:
 Productivity:
growing forest – describe biomass and
productivity
 Algae – describe biomass and productivity
 Slow
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem: Losing
Energy in Food Chains and Webs
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Each tropic level
contains a certain
amount of biomass.
At each tropic level the
biomass?
Each tropic level
contains a certain
number of organisms.
At each topic level
amount of energy?
Chapter 3 Part 2
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BioGeoChemical Cycles
Disturbances
Case Study – Hubbard Brook
STNT 40
BioGeoChemical Cycles
 The
movement of matter within and between
ecosystems.
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Bio
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Geo
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Chemical
• H2O, C, N, P, S
Facts About Water
 Essential
for life.
 Allows for substances to move within an
organism. Draws nutrients into plants.
 Dissolves and removes waste from
organisms.
 Necessary for chemical reactions.
Hydrologic Cycle
H20
1. Evaporation
2. Transpiration
3. Condensation
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Precipitation
Runoff
Percolation
Leaching
Assimilation
Define each process. Use arrows to trace cycle.
Human Impacts on Water
Cycle
 The
earth is a closed system for matter.
Water never leaves the earth.
 Deforestation
 Paving
over land – roads, buildings
 Diverting
water
Cycles of C, N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S
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Involves
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Producers
• Obtain these elements from the atmosphere or as ions
dissolved in water.
Consumers
• Obtain these elements from eating producers.
Decomposers
• Absorb theses elemnts from dead producers and
consumers and the waste of living producers and
consumers.
Facts About Carbon
 Most
important element in living organisms.
 Forms cell membranes and cell walls
(plants).
 Forms proteins and stores energy for later
use.
 Fast carbon cycle
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Movement of carbon through an organism
 Slow
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carbon cycle
Movement of carbon through soil and rocks
forming fossil fuels
Carbon Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Exchange
Sedimentation
5. Burial
6. Extraction
7. Combustion
8. Decomposition
Define each process and draw arrows to trace the cycle.
CO2
Human Impact on Carbon
Cycle
 Combustion
 Forest
of fossil fuels
degradation
Facts about Nitrogen
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Needed in fairly large amounts in all organisms.
Nitrogen is a limiting nutrient in plants.
Most abundant element in the atmosphere – 78%.
Used to form amino acids, building blocks of
proteins, DNA and RNA.
Neither plants or animals can use atmospheric
nitrogen.
Only a few organisms can convert nitrogen into a
plant usable form.
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Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Bacteria that live in roots of certain plants (legumes)
Animals get nitrogen from eating plants.
1. Nitrogen Fixation
2. Assimilation
3. Ammonification
Nitrogen Cycle
N2
4. Nitrification
5. Leaching
6. Denitrification
Decomposers
Bacteria
Bacteria
Define each process and use arrows to
show the cycle.
Bacteria
Human Impact on Nitrogen Cycle
is excess nitrogen – alters the
abundance and distribution of species in a
ecosystem.
 Problem
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Fertilizers run-off
Livestock waste
Sewage (human) waste
China’s Algae Bloom
Not generally poisonous to people
but clogs waterways and kills
marine life due to dead zones.
Facts about Phosphorus
 Component
of DNA, RNA and ATP.
 Required by plants and animals.
 Limiting factor for plants next to nitrogen.
 No Gas component in the atmosphere.
 Not very soluble in water – precipitates out
into the sediments on the ocean floor.
 Mined for use in fertilizers.
 Natural source of phosphorus on land is from
weathering rocks.
Phosphorus Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Weathering
Phosphate mining/fertilizer
Decomposition
Excretions
Marine sediments
Geologic forces
Assimilation
Leaching
Define each process.
Use arrows to show
the cycle.
Human Impact on Phosphorus Cycle
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Excess - 2 Major sources
 Agriculture – Fertilizer runoff
 Households
• Phosphate in laundry
detergents – banned in 1994
• Phosphate in dishwasher
detergents – banned in 2010
 Algae bloom
Facts about Sulfur
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Component of proteins.
Most is located in rocks- released in weathering.
In the atmosphere as a gas – SO2.
Natural source – volcanoes
Anthropogenic source
 Burning of fossil fuels
 Mining of metals such as copper
Acid precipitation
 SO2 + H2O  H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)
Sulfur Cycle
SO2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Weathering
Volcanic eruptions
Mining of metals
Fossil fuel combustion
Acid rain/Precipitation
Burial
Extraction
Assimilation
Define each process.
Use arrows to show the
cycle.
Disturbances in Ecosystems
 Disturbance
- any event caused by physical,
chemical or biological agent that changes
population size.
 Natural
disturbances
 Anthropogenic
disturbances
Ecological Study of Disturbances
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First, you must understand the natural pattern of
biogeochemical cycling in an ecosystem to
determine how the disturbance has changed the
ecosystem.
List possible effects.
Beaver dam across a stream
Small Scale Study
 Watershed
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All the land in a
given area that
drains into a
particular stream,
river, lake or
wetland.
Hubbard Brook
1.
2.
3.
4.
What characteristic of
this watershed helps
in measurement of
the water cycle?
Two disturbances
scientists measured
What was the control?
What was the result?
Resistance versus Resilience
 Resistance
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High resistance –
 Resilience
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High resilience –
 Depends
on interactions of all cycles.
Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
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Not all disturbance is
bad.
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What does this graph
say about the
relationship of number
of species to levels of
disturbance?
Ecosystem Services
 Intrinsic
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value
Value not related to human benefit.
Due to religious or philosophical convictions.
Our moral obligation to protect.
Instrumental Value
 Ecosystem
services
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Provisions
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Regulating services
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Support systems
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Resilience