Transcript Biochemistry Notes #3

Biochemistry
What does Organic Mean?
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Atomic Number
# of protons
(and also # of
electrons)
6
C
Chemical
symbol
Name of
Element
Carbon
12.011
What’s so special
about Carbon??
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Atomic Mass
The weight
Of carbon
atom or
average
weight of
all isotopes
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
“Elements of Life”
Organic = carbon-based molecules
Examples: C6H12O6, CH4
Inorganic = molecules without carbon–carbon
or carbon–hydrogen bonds
Examples: NaCl, NH4, H2SO4 , CO, CO2
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Why Carbon?
• Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds
– Leads to many different molecules
– Can form large chains or rings
• Linking of carbons can form very large
molecules called Macromolecules
• Each individual unit is called a monomer. When
they are linked together they are called a polymer.
• 4 macromolecules necessary for life:
carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acids
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Polymerization
= Synthesis of organic molecules
= Small subunits (MONOMERS) bond together to
form larger units (POLYMERS)
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Chemical Reactions
 Process that changes one set of chemicals
into another set of chemicals
• Reactant + Reactant = Product + Product
• Always involve changes in the chemical bonds
that join atoms in compounds
REARRANGING!
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Types of Reactions
• Hydrolysis
– Break apart monomers
– Happens by the addition of water.
– An H is added to one monomer & an OH is added to the
other monomer.
• Dehydration Synthesis (or Condensation)
–
–
–
–
Join monomers
One monomer loses a H+ and the other loses an OHWater is removed
Covalent bond is formed
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Hydrolysis
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Dehydration Synthesis
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Energy in reactions
• Bonds are the storage place of energy in
molecules / compounds
– Break a bond  RELEASE energy
– Make a bond  REQUIRES energy
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Energy in Reactions
• EXERGONIC (E exiting)
• Chemical reactions that release energy
• Often spontaneous (occur on their own)
– But often need a “push” to get started
• ENDERGONIC (E needing)
• Chemical reactions that absorb energy
• Need energy input to occur
• ACTIVATION ENERGY  the energy needed to get a
reaction started. Enzymes (proteins) do this.
 The “push”
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
CATABOLISM
HYDROLYSIS
EXOTHERMIC
RELEASE ENERGY
BREAK BONDS
CELL RESPIRATION
Big
Molecules
METABOLISM
ANABOLISM
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
ENDOTHERMIC
STORE ENERGY
MAKE BONDS
REDUCTION
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Small
Molecules
Condensation Reaction
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
So why do polymers
(macromolecules)
matter to life?
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
MONOMERS
POLYMERS
Simple or Single Sugars
Carbohydrates or
Complex Sugars
Amino Acids
Proteins
Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Fats or Lipids
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acids:
RNA or DNA
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Carbohydrates
• Fxn: Primary source of Energy
• Structure: Made of C, H, and O
– Ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1
– General formula: Cn(H2O)n-1 ie. C12H22O11
• n = the # of C’s in the molecule
• Rings are usually formed as opposed to the linear structure
• Small carbs. are water soluble because of -OH groups
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
GLUCOSE: key to life
Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms.
This is what our bodies break down when we eat
to obtain energy!
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Types of Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharide = Monomer
– Simple sugars: glucose, galactose, fructose
– 6-C sugar molecule = “hexose”
• Disaccharides = 2 sugars linked together
– Sucrose = glucose + fructose
– Lactose = glucose + galactose
– Maltose = glucose + glucose
• Polysaccharide = Polymer
– Longterm energy storage
– Plants = starch, cellulose
– Animals = glycogen
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
ISOMERS
Same molecular formula different structural formula
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What is the molecular formula for each? What are the structural differences?
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
POLYSACCHARIDES
Structural Materials & Energy Storage
1. Plant Cell walls: Cellulose (not digestable)
2. Plant tissue: Starch (yummy!)
3. Arthropod Exoskeleton: Chitin
4. Cell Walls of Fungi: Chitin
5. Cell Walls of Bacteria: Peptidoglycan
6. Animals: Glycogen (liver & muscles)
Insulin
Glycogen
Glucose
Glucagon
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
LIPIDS  Fats, Oils, Waxes
• Fxn: Long-term energy storage
& cell membrane structure
• Structure: Made of C, H, O
– No definite ratios but very high amount of H’s
• Nonpolar – not soluble in water; hydrophobic
– Examples: triglycerides - saturated & unsaturated
fats, phospholipids, sterols (steroids &cholesterol,
hormones andBiochemistry:
vitamins
Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Lipid Properties
• MONOMER: 1 glycerol and 1-3 fatty acids
GLYCEROL
• POLYMER: Lipid
• Properties of lipid depends on fatty acids
– (saturated vs. unsaturated)
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
•
•
•
•
All single bonds connect C
Solid at room temp
Ex: butter, lard
“Straight, stackable”
•
•
•
•
Contain double bonds
Liquid at room temp
Ex: olive oil, corn oil
Typically plant-based
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
What are trans-fats?
• “Trans” double bonds are not naturally found in
biological systems
• When unsat. fats are “hydrogenated” to become
sat. fat (easier to store, ship,use), the H’s can
rearrange and ‘straighten out’ the molecule
• Trans fat is bad b/c it is not recognized by our
body’s enzymes
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
• Component of cell
membrane
• Two fatty acids + glycerol +
phosphate group
• Amphipathic
– Polar head: hydrophilic
• Phosphate group attached to
glycerol
– Non-Polar Tail: Hydrophobic
• Two fatty acid chains attached to
glycerol
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
• Required to build and maintain
cell membranes
•
•
•
•
Regulates membrane fluidity
May act as an antioxidant
Aids in the manufacture of bile
Important for the metabolism of
fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K)
• Synthesis in hormones: cortisol,
aldosterone & sex hormones
• HDL good, LDL bad
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Proteins
• Structure: contain N, C, H, O
– Have an amino group (-NH2)
– Have a carboxyl group (-COOH)
– Have an “R” group (“other”)
• there are 20 different R groups
• Three major groups: Polar, Ionic, and Nonpolar
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
The
“R”
group
is in a
white
box
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Proteins
• MONOMER: amino acid
• POLYMER: Polypeptide or Protein
– 2 amino acids are joined by a peptide bond
– 4 levels of protein structure
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Proteins
• Functions:
– Control cellular reactions (enzymes)
– Regulate cell processes
– Structure (tissues, bones, muscles)
– Transport
– Help fight disease
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Protein Structure
• Primary structure
– Amino acids bond forming polypeptide chain
• Secondary structure
– Chain folds or twists into specific configuration
– Stabilized by H bonds (ex: α helices, β pleats)
• Tertiary Structure
– More complex folding: globular or spherical
– Usually b/c of hydrophobicity
• Quaternary Structure
– Multiple structures folded together
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Causes of Denaturation (changing shape)
What can cause a change in protein conformation/shape
1. Temperature:
– Increase or decrease will possibly cause bonds to
be disrupted.
2. pH
– Disrupt the pattern of ionic attractions and
repulsions that contribute to tertiary structure.
3. Salt Concentration
– Disrupt the pattern of ionic attractions and
repulsions
4. Solvents (liquids that dissolve)
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Nucleic Acids
• Fxn: Store or transmit genetic information
• Structure: contains H, O, N, C, P
• MONOMER: Nucleotide
– Nucleotide made of three parts:
• 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, uracil, cytosine,
guanine)
• POLYMER: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
or RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem
Nucleotide Organization
Biochemistry: Packet #3 - Organic Chem