Transcript - Chemistry Land

Nomenclature
• A System of Naming Compounds
• Compounds are two or more atoms of
different elements bonded together.
Polyatomic ions
• Poly = Many
• Atomic = having to do with atoms
• ions = having a charge + or –
1. Electric charge is of two types:
Positive and negative
2. Unlike charges attract and
like charges repel.
+
_
+
+
Gilbert Lewis invents a chemistry
learning technique.
He used dots to indicate the number of outer
(valence) electrons around the atom of that element.
He knew these dots would help students figure out
how elements would combine.
Methane building blocks
Why eight?
sulfite
-2
-
-
(Sulfur dioxide SO2) Used as a preservative in wine for its
antibacterial properties, and as a bleaching agent in flour. Sulfur dioxide may
be used to fumigate fruit and vegetables to extend their shelf life.
Occurs naturally in the atmosphere and as
a pollutant gas from combustion of fuels
with sulfur. Sulfur dioxide is one cause of
acid rain.
sulfite
-2
SO SO2
SO3 SO3-2
(Sulfite) Used to sterilize fermentation equipment and food
containers, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Generally
meat, cereals and dairy products may not be treated with it as it
destroys thiamine (vitamin B1) content. Over exposure to
sulfites in food may cause an asthmatic attack.
1 out 100 people are sensitive to sulfite causing allergic
reactions. Some people have died.
sulfite
-2
sulfate
Sulfuric Acid 2H+ + SO4-2
Calcium sulfate (casts, gypsum-drywall) (White
Sands, NM)
Magnesium Sulfate (Epson salts)
Barium Sulfate (contrast medium for xrays)
Copper sulfate is an algaecide.
-2
Calcium Sulfate hemi hydrate
CaSO4 * ½ H2O
Calcium Sulfate hemi hydrate
CaSO4 * ½ H2O
CaSO4 * 2 H2O
White Sands, NM
CaSO4 * 2 H2O
White Sands, NM
CaSO4 * 2 H2O
Desert Rose
Epsom Salts [MgSO4 * 7 H20]
H2SO4
Sulfuric acid (battery acid)
Barium Sulfate (contrast medium for xrays)
chlorite
chlorate
perchlorate
Sodium
hypochlorite
Cl2
ClO ClO2 ClO3
Chlorate & perchlorate strong oxidizers
Metallic chlorates & perchlorates turn
into salt plus oxygen.
KClO3  KCl + O2
Fireworks, explosives, O2 for rocket fuel
ClO4
-
-
-
-
Ammonia is created in the body from digestion of proteins and
amino acids. If there’s an excess of nitrogen, the body
converts it to urea, which is less toxic. Urea is expelled in the
urine.
Some babies are born without the enzymes to convert ammonia
to urea, so they develop hyperammonemia, which is fatal or will
cause brain damage.
Ammonia is formed when animal waste is decomposed by
bacteria.
+1
-1
-
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Ammonia added to water will form ammonium
hydroxide (cleaning “ammonia”)
Ammonium nitrate: Fertilizer, explosives
Ammonium chloride: conducts electricity inside
dry-cell batteries. Also used in cough medicines
to hide the taste of bitter tasting medicines. Also
used as expectorant.
High nitrate levels in drinking
water can harm infants.
Nitrate is converted into
nitrite by bacteria that
survives in infants’ stomachs.
by bacteria that survives in infants’ stomachs causing “blue baby syndrome”
The nitrite in the blood converts the hemoglobin in red
blood cells to methemoglobin (“meta” + hemoglobin)
Metamorphosis (meta + morpho) change+shape
This reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen,
causing a condition known as methemoglobinemia,
or "blue baby syndrome."
Nitrite
-1
Nitrate
NO2
NO3
-1
Acetic
AcetateAcid (vinegar)
-1
-
-
-
C2H3O2
When hydrogen proton comes off or reacts with something,
its electron is left behind. This makes the remaining
molecule negatively charged. It then becomes the acetate
ion. The negatively charged acetate ion is then attracted to
anything positive, such as metals that have lost an electron.
Ammonium
acetate
NH4C2H3O2 is
used in
permanent
waves products.
Cellulose acetate made from
acetic acid and cellulose
(wood fiber) used to make
clear plastic, fabrics, and
movie film (celluloid)
Sodium
acetate
NaC2H3O2 is
used for
instant heating
pads.acetate.
Calcium acetate
Ca(C2H3O2)2 is
used as a
thickener in
batters, butter,
puddings, pie
fillers.
Cyanide CN- is found in
solution. Hydrogen
cyanide HCN is the gas.
Gas chambers
used a pesticide
called Zyklon B,
which decomposed
to HCN. First used
in camps to
delouse and for
Typhus.
The seeds and pits of apricots, cherries,
almonds, peaches, and apples contain
amygdalin. Inside the intestine bacteria can
convert this to cyanide. Under the name of
Laetrile, amygdalin has been proposed as a
treatment for
cancer, but the
medical community
has rejected this
claim.
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hydrogen cyanide HCN
Cassava is an important food source for
500 million people, but the roots contain a
substance that, when eaten, can trigger the
production of cyanide. Only proper cooking
can neutralize the substance.
cyanide CN-
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