Transcript Organic compounds

6.3 Organic
Compounds
This PowerPoint accompanies
reading pages 161 to 167
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Organic compounds all contain Carbon
(C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O).
Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids
1.
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Carbon forms
Single
bonds
Double bonds
Triple bonds
With Carbon atoms, we can
 Form chains, branched chains, rings
 Include other elements
 Include lots of carbon atoms, or just a few
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MANY, MANY, MANY POSSIBILITIES
Same formula, different structure = isomer
 Example: glucose and fructose.
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Carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids and
nucleic acids are
macromolecules,
made of smaller,
repeating subunits
Carbohydrates
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Made of C, H and O: roughly 2 H for every
C and O.
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Simplest carbohydrate is a simple sugar –
one molecule called a monosaccharide
(yes, this is really how it’s spelled)
Disaccharide-2 sugars
 Polysaccharides- many sugars
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Lipids- a.k.a FATS
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Still C, H and O- but different proportions:
more C-H, less O.
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Good for energy storage, insulation, and a
major component of cellular membranes
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Common structure- glycerol “head” with 3
fatty acid “tails’
Proteins
Still C, H and O, but add nitrogen and
usually sulfur
 Proteins essential to life: build tissues, and
help carry out cell metabolism
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Proteins come in many, many shapes and
sizes- incredibly varied
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Proteins- made of
Amino Acids strung
together
Bond between amino
acids is peptide bond.
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Proteins
 FORM
MUSCLES
 TRANSPORT OXYGEN
 CARRY OUT CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Enzymes are a type of protein.
ENZYMES CARRY OUT CHEMICAL
REACTIONS.
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Enzymes speed up
chemical reactions.
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Use an active site.
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Enzymes are
everywhere!
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Next Class…….. how macromolecular
bonds are formed and nucleic acids
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Homework: reading guide 6.3- can use for
quiz on Tues
How cells make macromolecules
Some organic molecules are very small,
but others contain thousands of carbon
atoms.
 These large molecules are called
macromolecules.
 Cells build macromolecules piece by
piece, like a train, hitching (bonding)
smaller molecules together.
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Here’s how they do it…
Start with some Monomers
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A monomer is a small carbon molecule.
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Two examples of a monomers are glucose and fructose.
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These are both monosaccharide and isomers of each other
Both C6H12O6
Your cells absorb glucose and convert it into energy to drive the
cell. Your brain requires it to function properly.
Polymer
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The term polymer comes from Greek words
meaning "many parts".
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A polymer is a substance with a high
molecular mass that is composed of a large
number of repeating units.
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Starch is a natural polymer composed of
chains of repeating units of glucose.
Monomers
Polymer
Cotton, silk, wool, and natural rubber are also
natural polymers.
Protein, another natural polymer, is an
essential ingredient in living matter and is
made up of monomers called amino acids.
Here, you see two amino acids
being polymerized into a protein
by a condensation reaction
(dehydration synthesis.)
Conjunction junction…
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Here glucose and
fructose are bonded
by condensation
(also known as
dehydration
synthesis)
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These two
molecules are
connected by
covalent chemical
bonds, and a water
molecule is a by
product.
Many uses for polymers…
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Polymers made from petrochemicals are called
synthetic polymers.
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Some synthetic polymers are synthetic rubber, plastic wrap,
and fabrics such as nylon and rayon.
One of the most important synthetic polymers we use everyday
is plastics, which are used in products from kitchen utensils to
rocket engines.
Polymers are also used in medicine as substitutes for
human tissues, such as bones and arteries.
Hydrolysis
A chemical reaction in which water is used
to break the bonds of certain substances.
 In living organisms, these substances are
often polymers.
 This is the reverse process of
condensation or dehydration synthesis.
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Enzymes and polymer breakdown
Here, the enzyme Sucrase breaks sucrose
into glucose and fructose by binding it to it’s
active site.