Transcript Molecular Genetics

INTRODUCTION TO
PLANT MOLECULAR GENETICS
Genetics
The study of heredity
The study of how differences between individuals are
transmitted from one generation to the next
The study of how information in the genes is used in the
development and functioning of the adult organism
Genetics
Biochemistry
Gene products are studied in vivo
through the genes that encode them
Gene products are purified and studied
in vitro
Genetic analysis tells you that the
product has a role in the process
Biochemistry tells you what a protein can
do in vitro
It doesn’t tell you how direct the role is
It doesn’t tell you whether it really does it
in vivo
Three Major Areas of Genetics
Classical Genetics
(Transmission)
Molecular Genetics
Evolutionary Genetics
Mendel’s Principles
Meiosis + mitosis
Genom
DNA structure
Quantitative Genetics
Population Genetics
Sex determination
Chemistry of DNA
Evolution
Sex linkage
Chromosomal mapping
Cytogenetics
Transcription
Translation
Control of gene expression
Speciation
DNA cloning
Major Subdisciplines of Genetics
 Transmission Genetics: focuses on the transmission of genes
and chromosomes in individuals from generation to generation.
 Molecular Genetics: focuses on the structure and function of
genes at the molecular level.
 Population Genetics: focuses on heredity in groups of
individuals for traits determined by one or only a few genes.
 Quantitative Genetics: focuses on heredity in groups of
individuals for traits determined by many genes simultaneously.
Molecular Genetics ?
Understanding the molecular basis of biological processes through studies on
the gene
Study of gene structure, function and regulation – below the organism level
Study of genes and how they are expressed
The Molecular Basis of Genetics
Molecular Biology?
Study of molecules in cells
The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?
The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?
The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?
Genome
Genes, regulatory sequences
Others?
RNA
Polypeptides
The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?
1. Genome
2. Chromosome
3. DNA/RNA
4. Nucleic Acid
5. Protein
6. Amino Acid
The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?
 Genome
Total genetic information carried by a single set of chromosome in a haploid
nucleus
 Chromosome
A DNA – histone protein thread, usually associated with RNA, occurring in the
nucleus of a cell
Chromosomes contain hundreds of genes encoded within their DNA.
 Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide polymers which high molecular mass, produced by living cell
and found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm
 DNA
Double stranded form of genetic material of organisms
The Molecular Basis of Genetics ?
 RNA
Single stranded form of genetic material of organisms result of the DNA
transcription
Nucleotide
Unit structure of nucleic acid
Protein
a polymer that has a high relative molecular mass of amino acids
Polypeptide
a linear polymer that consists of ten or more amino acids linked by peptide
bonds
Amino Acid
An organic compound containing an acidic carboxyl group and a basic amino
group
INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR
GENETICS
 Genome
 Genetic Material (DNA & RNA)
 DNA structure
 Chemistry of DNA
 Transcription and translation
 Control of gene expression
 Molecular tool
 DNA cloning
Grading system
Grade : 0 – 100
 B–D
 A > 80
→ 45 – 80 (Normal distribution)
 E < 45
Grade composition
Home work
Mid-term
Final Exam
:
:
:
30
30
40