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Nutrition in dentistry
Vitamins
Vitamin B1
thiamine
function – coenzyme (oxidative decarboxylation...)
Symptoms
Deficiency: beri-beri
 exudative (wet) form – heart insufficiency, oedema
 dry form – polyneuritis, Wernicke-Korsakoff
syndrome

B1 deficiency – chronic alcoholism
Beri-beri
Vitamin B2
riboflavin
function – coenzyme (redox reactions... )
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: angular cheilosis, atrophy of filliform
papilae, shiny red lips, sore tongue
Other symptoms
conjuctivitis, dermatitis, anaemia, mental retardation
Vitamin B2
angular cheilosis
conjuctivitis
atrophy of filliform papilae
Vitamin B3
niacin, nicotinic acid
function – coenzyme (redox reactions...)
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: angular cheilosis, mucositis, stomatitis,
oral pain, ulceration, denuded tongue, glositis,
glossodynia, red and swollen tip or borders of tongue,
dorsum is dry and smooth
Other symptoms
Deficiency: Pelagra (3D) – dermatitis, diarhea,
dementia
cheilosis
glossodynia
mucositis
glositis
Pelagra - dermatitis
Folic acid
Tetrahydrofolic acid
function – biosynthesis of purins → DNA
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: angular cheilosis, mucositis, stomatitis,
oral pain, sore or burning mouth, increased risk of
candidiasis, inflamed gingiva, glossitis, glossodynia,
red and swollen tips or borders of tongue, aphtous
ulcers
Other symptoms
Deficiency: macrocytic anaemia, diarhea, weight loss
candidiasis
inflamed gingiva
aphtous ulcers
macrocytic anaemia
macrocytes
normal RBC
Vitamin B6
pyridoxine
function – coenzyme (amino acid metabolism...)
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: angular cheilosis, sore or burning mouth,
glossitis, glossodynia
Other symptoms
Deficiency: neuritis, diarhea, dermatitis, anaemia,
seizures
Vitamin B12
cyanocobalamine
function – coenzyme, folate metabolism...
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: angular cheilosis, mucositis, stomatitis,
sore or burning mouth, haemorrhage gingiva,
halitosis, dysplasia of oral mucosa, loss of taste, oral
pain, ulceration, glossitis, glossodynia, red tongue,
xerostomia, aphtous ulcers
Other symptoms
Deficiency: pernicious anaemia, neurological signs
halitosis
xerostomia
Vitamin C
ascorbic acid
function – reducing agent, antioxidant, collagen
biosynthesis, iron absorption, immunity...
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: Scurvy – red swollen gingiva, gingival
friability, periodontal destruction, increased tooth
mobility and exfoliation, sore burning mouth, soft
tissue ulceration, increased risk of candidiasis,
malformed teeth (inadequate dentine)
Other symptoms
Deficiency: fragility of vessel wall, impaired
development of bones
Scurvy
Vitamin A
retinol
function – vision, growth and differentiation of epitels
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: impaired tissue healing and regeneration,
desquamation of oral mucosa, keratosis, increases
risk of candidiasis, gingival hypertrophy and
inflammation, leukoplakia, decreased taste sensitivity,
xerostomia, disturbed enamel development,
increased caries risk
Excess: impaired wound healing
Other symptoms
Deficiency: night blindness, xerophtalmia, mucosa
dryness
Excess: hepatosplenomegalia, anaemia, hair loss
desquamation of oral mucosa
keratosis
gingival hypertrophy and inflammationm
leukoplakia
disturbed enamel development
xerostomia
caries
Vitamin D
calcitriol
function – hormone, Ca metabolism
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets,
incomplete mineralisation of teeth
Excess: pulp calcification, enamel hypoplasia
Other symptoms
Deficiency: osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets
Excess: Ca mobilisation from bones, kidney stones
pulp calcification
enamel hypoplasia
osteoporosis
rickets
Vitamin K
function – blood clotting
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: increased risk of bleeding
Vitamin E
tocopherol
function – antioxidant
Minerals
Fluoride
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: decreased resistance to caries
Excess: enamel hypoplasia (fluorosis)
Iron
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: angular cheilosis, pallor of lips and oral
mucosa, sore, burning tongue, glossitis
Other symptoms
Deficiency: anaemia
Calcium
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: incomplete mineralisation of teeth,
rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, bone fragility,
increased tooth mobility and premature loss
Other symptoms
Deficiency: rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis
Zinc
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: loss of taste and tongue sensation,
delayed wound healing, increased susceptibility to
periodontal disease, candidiasis, xerostomia, caries
Other symptoms
Deficiency: impaired immune function
Magnesium
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: alveolar bone fragility, gingival
hypertrophy
Phosphorus
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: incomplete mineralisation of teeth,
increased susceptibility to caries if deficient during
tooth formation, increased susceptibility to
periodontal disease
Other nutrients
Carbohydrate
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: decreased risk of caries
Excess (except fibre): caries
Fats
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: angular cheilosis, pallor of lips and oral
mucosa, sore burning tongue, atrophy of filliform
papillae, increased risk of candidiasis, glossitis
Excess: no effect (teeth)
but
Proteins
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: defect of tooth composition, eruption
pattern, resistance to decay, increased susceptibility
to soft tissue infraction, poor tissue healing and
regeneration
Excess: no effect
Water
Oral signs and symptoms
Deficiency: dehydratation and fragility of epitelial
tissue, decreased muscle strength for chewing,
xerostomia, burning tongue