Transcript Replication Transcription Translation

Replication
Transcription
Translation
DNA
1. Double Stranded Helix
2. ___________________ Bonds
between Nitrogenous Base Pairs
3. Adenine-Thymine and GuanineCytosine
Replication
• The ______________________________
of DNA which occurs during the S phase of
Interphase.
• 1 Strand  2 ________________________
Strands
• DNA Polymerase
Hydrogen bond
(H-bonds)
thymine
adenine
cytosine
guanine
phosphate
deoxyribose sugar
Sugar / phosphate “strand”
Nitrogenous base “rung”
DNA nucleotide
Deoxyribose sugar
phosphate
RNA nucleotide
ribose sugar
Nitrogenous base
(guanine)
phosphate
Nitrogenous base
(uracil)
Step 1: Hydrogen bonds
between complimentary
bases
___________________
DNA “________________”
Step 2: DNA strands
____________________
from each other
Step 3: DNA nucleotides in the cell
_________________with each side of the
“unzipped” DNA
each “unzipped’ strands forms a
template for a new strand
Step 4: Each “old’
strand forms a
________________
for a “new” strand
two identical DNA
molecules form
“new” strand, identical
sequence to the original
“old” (original) strand
Transcription
• The process by which a molecule of DNA is
_______________________ into a
complementary strand of _____________.
• 1 Strand DNA  2 Strands RNA
• RNA Polymerase
DNA
RNA
Step 1: Hydrogen bonds
between complimentary
_________________ break
DNA “unzips”
Step 2: DNA strands
______________________
from each other
Step 3:
____________
nucleotides in
the cell match
up with only
one side of the
“unzipped”
DNA each
“unzipped’
strands forms a
template for a
____________
strand
RNA nucleotide
Step 4:
RNA nucleotides
continue to match up
with “unzipped” DNA
until the message
is completely
___________________
mRNA strand
One side of DNA strand
mRNA strand
Step 4:
mRNA
strand
breaks off
from the
DNA
strand
One side of DNA strand
Step 5:
mRNA strand leaves the
____________________
for the
_____________________
Step 6: Once the
______________
leaves, the DNA “zips”
back together
Translation
• The process in which the
__________________in the nucleotide base
sequence of mRNA is used to dictate the amino
acid sequence of a protein.
• 1 Strand RNA  Amino Acid Chain  Protein
The problem: How does a particular
sequence of
__________________________
specify a particular sequence of
amino acids?
By means of
________________________
molecules, each specific for one
amino acid and for a particular
triplet of nucleotides in mRNA
called a __________________. The
family of tRNA molecules enables
the codons in a mRNA molecule to
be translated into the sequence of
amino acids in the protein.
RNA and Protein Synthesis
• RNA is a Single
Stranded
__________________
__________________
• RNA Acts as a
Messenger between
DNA and
__________________
• Process Takes Amino
Acids and Forms
Proteins
Why Is It Necessary?
• DNA / Nucleus
• Ribosomes / Cytoplasm
• Need a Messenger
Definitions
• Codon
1. ___________________________segment of
mRNA that
specify amino acids.
2. _________________________ Codons
3. _________________________ Codons
• Anticodon
1. Three-base segment of tRNA that
dock with a codon.
2. Docking results in deposition of amino acid.
Protein Synthesis
• Proteins are _________________ directly
from the mRNA with 3 bases (one
___________________) for each amino
acid.
Mutation
• A _______________________ in the
nitrogenous base sequence of DNA; that
change causes a change in the
___________________________ coded for
by the mutated gene.
Mutations
What happens when you get insertions or deletions of bases in
the DNA sequence?
Usually you end up with a mess.
THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE RAT AND GOT ILL
Deletion of one base
THE IGF ATC ATA TET HER ATA NDG OTI LL
And its all pops and buzzes.
Definitions
• _______________________________
Substances and preparations which, if they are
inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin;
may induce cancer or increase its incidence and
can affect any cells or tissues
• _______________________________
may induce hereditary genetic defects or increase
their incidence and effect the germ cells (gonads)
• _______________________________
may induce non-hereditary congenital
malformations or increase their incidence and
effect the growing fetus
Mutagens
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tobacco products
Nitrous Acid
____________________________________
X-rays
Gamma Rays
____________________________________
Some Artificial Sweeteners