Transcript C, H, O - Cloudfront.net

Biochemistry
Macromolecules
Warm - up
Lipids (C,H, O)
1. Make the
following
foldable out of
3 pieces of
paper.
Proteins (C,H,O,N
sometimes C,H,O,N,S)
2. Label the tabs
Carbohydrates(C, H,O 1:2:1)
Nucleic Acids (C,H,O,N,P)
Enzymes (Proteins)
Glue
carbohydrate
picture here
Carbohydrates (C, H,O 1:2:1)
Lipids (C,H, O)
Proteins (C,H,O,N sometimes C,H,O,N,S)
Nucleic Acids (C,H,O,N,P)
Enzymes (Proteins)
3. Cut out pictures
of
macromolecules
and glue them
to the inside top
flap of the
labeled taps.
Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds
Carbon the Backbone of Life
Carbon Bonding
Functional Groups
Polymerization
5. On the back of
the foldable,
copy the
outline. Leave
room for
notes.
Biomolecules: Carbon
Compounds
Carbon bonding (back side)
Carbon is the most abundant element found in living
things.
Carbon has 4 valence electrons which enable it to form
strong covalent bonds with other atoms.
It can bond with other carbon atoms to form rings and
very long chains which can be twisted and folded into
millions of different, very large, and complex shapes.
The Element Carbon
Graphite
Diamond
Bucky-ball
Nanotube
Glucose
Carbon the backbone of life
(back of book)
All living things are made up carbon
and a combination of other elements
referred to as biomolecules
 Biomolecules are very
large molecules called
macromolecules.
 Each macromolecule is made up of
small individual units called
monomers
The macromolecules are formed by a
process known as polymerization.
Macromolecule
Graphic Organizer
All Living Things
Are made
up of
Large molecules of
many carbon atoms
bonded together with
other elements
Macromolecules
Formed
by
Polymerization
Monomers Single units
Bond to
form
Polymers
Organic Compound/Functional Groups
 Biomolecules are also
known as organic
compounds.
 There are four groups
of organic compounds
found in living things:




Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates (C, H, O)
 Carbohydrates are compounds made up
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
bonded together
Single sugar carbohydrates
are called monosaccharides
(mono- “one”)
Two single sugars bonded
together are called a
disaccharide. (di- “two”)
Large macromolecules formed
by the bonding of a long
chain of monosaccharides are
called polysaccharides.
(poly- “many”)
Carbohydrates
 Functions of carbohydrates include:
 Living things use carbohydrates as their
main source of energy
 Living things store carbohydrates as
complex sugars known as starches
 Plants also use carbohydrates for structural
purposes
Carbohydrates
Did you know?? Sugars end with the suffix:
-ose. Glucose, sucrose, fructose, etc.
Carbohydrates on a Food label
 There are three types of carbs that we
eat:
Dietary fiber
Sugar
Starch
On a food label, there is a total # of carbs. Below
that, it lists the # of grams of dietary fiber (if this is
missing, there is no fiber in that food) and # of
grams of sugar.
Starches are not listed on food labels. To figure out
the amount of starch in a food, subtract fiber and
sugar from the total carbohydrates.
Lipids (C,H,O)
 Lipids are macromolecules made mostly from
carbon and hydrogen atoms
Lipids are composed of fatty acids and
glycerol
Functions:
- Lipids can be used as stored energy.
- Some lipids are important parts
of biological membranes and
waterproof coverings
Lipids
Lipid Video
The common categories of lipids are:
fats
oils
waxes
steroids
Lipids
 Sudan III solution is an indicator solution for fats &
lipids. It turns red in the presence of fats & lipids.
Proteins (C,H,O,N)
sometimes (C,H,O,N,S)
Proteins are macromolecules that contain
nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
 Proteins are large
molecules (polymers)
made up of monomers
called amino acids.
 Biuret Solution is an
indicator solution
for proteins. It turns
blue-violet in the presence
of proteins.
Proteins
Functions of proteins
include:
 Some proteins control the
rate of the body’s chemical
reactions and regulate cell
processes.
 Some proteins are used to
form bones and muscles.
 Other proteins transport
substances into or out of
cells or help to fight
disease.
Nucleic Acids (C,H,O,N,P)
Nucleic acids are macromolecules
containing hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.
 Nucleic acids are polymers
assembled from individual
monomers known as
nucleotides.
 Nucleotides include
of three parts:
- a 5-carbon sugar
- a phosphate group
- a nitrogenous base
Nucleotides
There are five different kinds of nitrogenous
bases:
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
These five different
nucleotides are used to
make the two kinds of
Nucleic Acids:
RNA and DNA.
Nucleic Acids
Differences in DNA and
RNA
 DNA is
 double stranded
 Bases: A, T, C and G
 RNA is
 single stranded
 Bases: A, U, C and G
Nucleic Acids
Functions:
 Nucleic acids store
and transmit genetic
information.
 There are two kinds
of nucleic acids,
-ribonucleic acid
(RNA)
-deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA).
Indicators (write on the page of
biomolecule
measured)
Sudan III solution is an indicator solution for fats
& lipids. It turns red in the presence of fats &
lipids.
Benedict’s solution is an indicator solution for
simple sugars. It changes from blue to yellow,
orange or red.
Iodine solution is an indicator solution for
complex sugars. It changes from brown to blue
/purple.
Biuret Solution is an indicator solution for
Biological Catalyst (Enzyme pg)
• A catalyst is a substance that
speeds up the rate of a chemical
reaction.
• Catalysts work by lowering a
reaction’s activation energy.
Enzymes
• Enzymes are proteins that act as
biological catalysts.
• Enzymes speed up chemical
reactions by lowering activation
energies.
• Did you know?? Most enzymes end
with the suffix –ase. Lactase,
transaminase, phosphatase, etc.
Enzymes
• Proteins make efficient catalysts
because their shapes are very
specific.
Biomolecules Gone Wild…
Biomolecules gone wild
Monomer + Monomer =
Polymer
Dehydration synthesis
• Two monomers line up next to each other,
and just when you think they’re going to start
line dancing, a hydrogen (H) from one
monomer binds with a hydroxyl group (OH)
from another monomer, and voilà!
• A water molecule is born: H+ + OH- = H2O.
Dehydration Synthesis
During dehydration synthesis, two subunits,
or monomers, bind to each other where they
were once bound to their respective hydrogen (–
H) or hydroxyl (–OH) groups. That's right. If it's a
group, it gets a dash before it. This blissful union
is presided over by an enzyme that is mainly
there to help speed things along. The name of
the process is dehydration synthesis because
monomers are literally coming together and
synthesizing a polymer by dehydrating, or
removing a water molecule.
First, what one dehydration
reaction looks like:
Great. Let's do it again. And again.
This is called dehydration
synthesis.
Super. Why is everything so straight and awkward-looking? Fine, we will fix it.
Here is the final product. Happy? (Psst. When there are zigzag lines with no
atom in sight (/\/\/\), this means that carbons and hydrogens are the only
connecting atoms. Yes, chemists are lazy.)
1. Large carbohydrate molecules
such as starch are known as
a. lipids.
b. monosaccharides.
c. proteins
d. polysaccharides.
2. Many lipids are formed from
glycerol and
a. fatty acids.
b. monosaccharides.
c. amino acids.
d. nucleic acids.
3. The monomers of proteins are calleda. Starches
b. Nucleotides
c. Sugars
d. Amino acids
4. Which of the following statements
about cellulose is true?
a. Animals make it and use it to
store energy.
b. Plants make it and use it to
store energy.
c. Animals make it and use it as
part of the skeleton.
d. Plants make it and use it to give
structural support to cells.
5. A major difference between
polysaccharides and proteins is that
a. plants make polysaccharides, while
animals make proteins.
b. proteins are made of monomers,
while polysaccharides are not.
c. polysaccharides are made of
monosaccharides, while proteins
are made of amino acids.
d. proteins carry genetic information,
while polysaccharides do not.