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Using real-time data to investigate socio-economic issues Background • Humans have recognized the impact of atmospheric parameters on crops, fisheries, even their health SOI • Southern Oscillation Index • Indicator of the strength of the Southern Oscillation • Calculated from the monthly or seasonal fluctuations in the air pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin. • http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/glossary/el nino/elnino.shtml Reading and interpreting data • Discrete versus continuous data • http://www.coolclassroom.org/cool_project s/lessons/miniunits/lesson1.html • Data and metadata • Sampling interval Asking the question(s) • • • • Why research the topic? What would be presumed data sources? Data transformation? Alternate questions? Fisheries issues • Changes in catch volume • Species shifts • Value of catch • Anchovies/sardines – Chile • Sardines – California Peruvian landings of anchovies and sardines, by years Peruvian Sardine and Anchovy Landings 4,000,000 14,000,000 3,000,000 10,000,000 2,500,000 8,000,000 2,000,000 6,000,000 1,500,000 4,000,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 500,000 Year Years Anchovy Sardines Sardines Anchovies 2002 1999 1996 1993 1990 1987 1984 1981 1978 1975 1972 1969 1966 1963 1960 1957 1954 1951 1948 1945 1942 1939 1936 1933 1930 1927 1924 1921 1918 1915 1912 1909 1906 0 1903 0 Anchovy Landings (metric tons) 12,000,000 1900 Sardine Landings (metric tons) 3,500,000 • Why oscillations? You did read, right?! • Chavez, FP, et al., From anchovies to sardines and back: Multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean, Science, 299, 217221 (03) Are upwellings and wind vector data linked? Is wind a parameter that has significant effect on upwelling at Monterey Bay? Metadata Buoy positions I. Positions, relative to land, of M1 & M2? II. Water depth expectation? III. Wind/wave height expectation? Obvious questions I. Prevalent winds? A. B. C. II. Annual Seasonal Winter scatter? Seasonal wind speeds? M1 (Inshore) N M2 (Offshore) Julian Day – 2006 Wind vector and bathymetric isotherm data from Buoys M1 & M2 For metadata consult http://www.mbari.org/moos/ Compare M1 & M2 wind vectors • Compare M1 & M2 isotherms • Do they correlate with wind vectors? • The model? • Why is upwelling correlated with fishery landings? Alternate explanations? Other areas to explore • • • • Plankton cycles – chlorophyll/temperature Wind/wave height Temperature/salinity Upwelling/toxic blooms OASIS Background – M1 data Collects: 1. Wind vector 2. Bathymetric temperature Daily wind vector plots Days 156 – 188 156 188 Julian day S • The top panel shows wind speed and direction measured at the buoy. When the sticks point down then the wind is blowing to the south, up is to the north. Southward blowing winds are upwelling favorable in that they force a layer of surface water to flow away from the coast causing subsurface water to replace this water near the coast. The subsurface water is colder. In response to southward blowing winds we usually see a cooling of the surface waters. The bottom panel becomes more blue when this happens. • • The top panel shows wind speed and direction measured at the buoy. When the sticks point down then the wind is blowing to the south, up is to the north. Southward blowing winds are upwelling favorable in that they force a layer of surface water to flow away from the coast causing subsurface water to replace this water near the coast. The subsurface water is colder. In response to southward blowing winds we usually see a cooling of the surface waters. The bottom panel becomes more blue when this happens. • The M2 mooring is further away from the coast, the relationship between wind and water temperature is not as strong as it is at M1. Daily depth of isotherms time series M1 buoy, 1997-99 El Nino signal: Latter half of 1997 La Nina signal: Winter 1998-1999. • http://www.mbari.org/bog/Projects/MOOS/moor_intro.htm • • • • • • Domoic acid, which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), is an amino acid phycotoxin (algal toxin) found associated with certain algal blooms [1]. In 1958, domoic acid was originally isolated from the red alga called "doumoi" or "hanayanagi" (Chondria armata[2]) in Japan. "Doumoi" is used as an anthelmintic in Tokunoshima, Kagoshima. Domoic acid is also produced by diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia[3][4]. The chemical can bioaccumulate in marine organisms that feed on the phytoplankton, such as shellfish, anchovies, and sardines. In mammals, including humans, domoic acid acts as a neurotoxin, causing shortterm memory loss, brain damage, and death in severe cases. Red tides are associated with the phenomenon of ASP. Considerable recent research has been carried out by the Marine Mammal Center and other scientific centers on the association of red tides to domoic acid and to resulting neurological damage in marine mammals of the Pacific Ocean. In the brain, domoic acid especially damages the hippocampus and amygdaloid nucleus. It damages the neurons by activating AMPA and kainate receptors, causing an influx of calcium. Although calcium flowing into cells is a normal event, the uncontrolled increase of calcium causes the cell to degenerate. On June 22, 2006, a California brown pelican, possibly under the influence of domoic acid, flew through the windshield of a car on the Pacific Coast Highway. The acid is found in the local seas. Domoic acid poisoning was the most likely cause of a 1961 invasion of thousands of frantic seabirds in Northern California that inspired Alfred Hitchcock's film The Birds. Metadata • Describes how and when and by whom a particular set of data were collected • How the data are formatted.