Transcript Chapter 8 Powerpoint

Cellular Respiration and
Photosynthesis
Chapter 8
Do Now

What is energy?

What is the ultimate source of energy on
earth?

Where do we get our energy from?
Objectives
1. SWBAT identify the laws of
thermodynamics.
 2. SWBAT differentiate between catabolic
and anabolic reactions.

8.1 Energy
Transformation of Energy
 Energy

§ -is the ability to do work.
 Thermodynamics
§ -is the study of the flow and transformation
of energy in the universe.
Laws of Thermodynamics
 First law —energy can be converted from
one form to another, but it cannot be
created nor destroyed.
 Ex. Chemical Energy to Mechanical Energy
Laws of Thermodynamics
Second law —energy cannot be
converted without the loss of usable
energy.
 Ex. Energy Lost as Heat

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy
– Measure of disorder (randomness)
– Measure of unusable energy

Entropy always ___________.
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
 Autotrophs are organisms that make
their own food.
§ -Ex. Chemotrophs:
§ -Ex.
 Heterotrophs are organisms that need to
ingest food to obtain energy.
– Ex.
Metabolism

Metabolism:
– All chemical reactions in a cell

Two types of Metabolic Pathways:
– Catabolic: Release energy by breaking down
larger molecules
– Anabolic: Use energy to build larger molecules
from smaller ones
Think- Pair - Share

Of the following examples, list which ones
are catabolic and anabolic
– 1.
– 2.
– 3.
– 4.
Amino acids becoming polypeptide chain
Glucose becoming glycogen
Your body breaking down food
Fatty Acids becoming triglycerides
 Cellular respiration —organic molecules
are broken down to release energy for use
by the cell
§ -type of process:
 Photosynthesis —light energy from the
Sun is converted to chemical energy for
use by the cell
§ -Type of Process:
Cellular Respiration
Organisms obtain energy in a process
called cellular respiration.
 The equation for cellular respiration is
the opposite of the equation for
photosynthesis.

Objectives
1. SWBAT define wavelength, visible light,
absorbance and transmittance.
 2. SWBAT measure the separation and
identify the chlorophyll, carotenoids, and
xanthrophyll pigments.
 3. SWBAT compare and contrast
chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll
pigments.

Do Now

List the following as catabolic or anabolic
reactions
– 1.
– 2.
– 3.
– 4.
– 5.
Burning a candle
Swimming in a pool
Baking a cake
New leaves Growing
A car driving (think fuel)
Objectives
1. SWBAT differentiate between catabolic
and anabolic reactions.
 2. SWBAT define ATP and ADP.
 3. SWBAT provide examples of different
wavelengths of light.

Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP)

Structure:
– Adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate
groups
Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP)

Function:
– bond breaks between the second and third
phosphate groups to release energy
– Creating adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a
free phosphate group.
Light
Form of energy
 Travels in waves
 Distance between waves is called a
wavelength

Wavelengths

Different types of light have different
wavelengths
Visible Light

The light we see is visible light.
Which color has….
The longest wavelength?
 The shortest wavelength?

Light

The light you see is the reflected light.
All other colors are absorbed.
SOOOO….

Why do we see green when we look at a
plant?

Why is the sky blue?
We can only see Visible Light.
From 400 – 700 nm
 ROYGBV
 Red has the longest wavelengths
 Violet has the shortest

Think-Pair-Share
When do we see a rainbow?
 How is a rainbow made?
 Is there an end to a rainbow?

Pigment
Chemical compound that gives a
substance it’s color
 Causes certain wavelengths to be
absorbed and other to be reflected
 Pigments are everywhere (clothes,
flowers, etc.)
 Ex. Chlorophyll, Carotenoid

THINK – PAIR – SHARE

Using the absorption
spectrum of
chlorophyll…
– What colors does
chlorophyll absorb?
– What colors does it
reflect?
– What color does it
appear to us?
Chlorophyll
A green pigment that aids in photosynthesis
 Found in leaves (Chlorophyll b and
Chlorophyll a)
 Reflects:


Absorbs:
Think – Pair - Share
Using the absorption
spectrum of
carotenoids…
– What colors does
carotenoid absorb?
– What colors does it
reflect?
– What color does it
appear to us?
Carotenoids
Accessory Pigment that absorbs blue and
green light
 Reflects ____________
 found in most leaves
 Usually hidden by chlorophyll

Do Now
– 1. What colors does this pigment absorb?
– 2. What colors does it reflect?
– 3. What color does it appear to us?
– 4. What pigment do
you think it is?
Overall
Structure of a Chloroplast
Photosynthesis Equation

What do you notice about this equation?
Photosynthesis occurs in two
phases
 A. Light-independent reactions (also
known as the Calvin cycle or Dark
Reactions)
 B. Light-dependent reactions (AKA
Light reactions)
 **Smartboard**
Objectives
SWBAT analyze an absorption spectrum.
 SWBAT identify the inputs and outputs of
Calvin cycle.
 SWBAT explain the importance of Light
Reactions.

Do Now

What would happen if our sun burned
out?
– Use the following words in your answer:
– Photosynthesis
– Plants
– Glucose
Objectives
1. SWBAT define wavelength, visible light,
absorbance and transmittance.
 2. SWBAT measure the separation and
identify the chlorophyll, carotenoids, and
xanthrophyll pigments.
 2. SWBAT compare and contrast
chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthrophyll
pigments.

Objectivies
SWBAT identify parts of the chloroplast.
 SWBAT list the inputs and outputs of the
calvin cycle
 SWBAT compare and contrast the calvin
cycle and krebs cycle.

Let’s try some sample math
problems before we begin

Jenny is selling apples. She paid 2 dollars
per apple and is selling each apple at 7
dollars. How much NET profit is Jenny
making if she sells 1 apple?

10 apples?
Do Now

1. Explain why plants contain different
pigments.
Do Now – Calvin Cycle Questions

1. Which contains more energy: one molecule of
NADP+ or one molecule of NADPH ?

2. What is the name of the three carbon
molecule that is a product of the Calvin cycle
(“dark” reactions)?

3. Name the molecule that is taken from the air
and that provides the carbon for the production
of carbohydrates during the Calvin cycle.
Do Now

Define Chemiosmosis:

Write a paragraph describing light
reactions.
Objectives
1. SWBAT explain the steps involved in
light reactions and answer questions
based on it.
 2. SWBAT watch and listen to an
animation of the calvin cycle and light
reactions.
 3. SWBAT answer questions on different
parts of the calvin cycle and light reactions

Chemiosmosis
Mechanism in which ATP is produced as a
result from the flow of electrons down a
concentration gradient
 Ex. Light Reactions

Alternative Pathways
Light and Water can limit the amount of
photosynthesis a plant can perform.
 Some plants develop alternate pathways
to maximize energy conservation
 Ex. CAM and C4 Plants

C4 Plants
These plants minimize water lost
 Turn CO2 into a 4 carbon molecule instead
of a 3 carbon molecule
 Keeps stomata (plant cell pores) closed
during hot days
 Ex. Corn and Sugar Cane

CAM Plants
Occurs in water-conserving plants that live
in deserts, salt marshes, etc.
 CO2 only enters leaves at night
 Turns CO2 into a “storage molecule” until
needed later
 Ex. Orchids, cacti, pineapples

Description
9. The second phase of
photosynthesis, in which energy is
stored in glucose
10. Pathway(s) that help(s) plants
photosynthesize while minimizing water
loss
11. Pathway that allows carbon dioxide
to enter leaves only at night
12. Light-independent reactions
13. Uses the enzyme rubisco to convert
carbon dioxide into molecules that can
be used by the cell
14. Type of plant found in hot, dry
environments
Calvin
C4
CAM
Do Now – True or False
1. The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis in the absence of
oxygen is fermentation.
2. The hydrogen necessary in the electron transport chain comes
from the splitting of carbon dioxide molecules.
3. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes is slightly more efficient than
in prokaryotes.
4. The Krebs cycle is sometimes called the TCA cycle or the citric
acid cycle.
5. Fermentation occurs in the mitochondria.
6. Skeletal muscle produces lactic acid when the body cannot
supply enough oxygen.
7. Alcohol fermentation is found in some bacteria and in humans.
8. The two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis result in
two Krebs cycles.
9. Electron transport is the first step in the breakdown of glucose.
Objectives
SWBAT answer short answer and multiple
choice questions on photosynthesis
 SWBAT watch animations of light reactions
and calvin cycle and answer questions
based on it.

Do Now
A. Label the diagram.
 B. What is the name of the entire process?

Objectives
1. SWBAT identify inputs and outputs to
both calvin cycle and light reactions.
 2. SWBAT work in groups to answer
questions on photosynthesis to review for
their upcoming test.

Do Now
How does our body make energy?
 List some of the key ingredients needed to
create energy in our bodies.

Objectives
SWBAT define Riboflavin and Niacin.
 SWBAT identify the inputs and outputs of
glycolysis.

NADH and FADH2
FADH2 (Riboflavin)
 FADH2
FAD + 2 H+ + 2e
– B2 Vitamin
– Accepts 2 electrons
NADH (Niacin)
 NADH
NAD+ + H+ + 2e
– B3 Vitamin
– Accepts 2 electrons
Cellular respiration occurs in two
main parts.
Glycolysis
Aerobic
Respiration
Anaerobic
Respiration
Let’s try some sample math
problems before we begin

Jenny is selling apples. She paid 2 dollars
per apple and is selling each apple at 7
dollars. How much NET profit is Jenny
making if she sells 1 apple?

10 apples?
Smartnotebook
Do Now
1. If 28 ATP were made in glycolysis, how
many glucose molecules were consumed?
 2. Where does the carbon in carbon
dioxide come from?
 3. In glycolysis, if 18 NADH are produced,
how many ATP are produced?

– How many glucose molecules are consumed?
Sooo….
Why do we breathe oxygen???
We take in oxygen as other
forms. Ex. water (H20).
BUT WHY MUST WE
BREATHE IN OXYGEN
GAS????
Do Now

What happens when we don’t get enough
oxygen?

What does our body do?
Objectives
SWBAT compare and contrast alcohol
fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
 SWBAT design an experiment to try to
maximize the amount CO2 produced from
fermentation.

Stand up!

Move your arm up and down for three
minutes!

Do not stop until the time is up!?

What is happening in your arm?
Anaerobic Respiration
Yeast, People, Bacteria, Fungus
 Making ATP without oxygen
 Used to make beer, wine, and bread

Lactic Acid Fermentation
– Lactic acid is
associated with the
“burn” associated with
heavy exercise
– If too much lactic acid
builds up, your
muscles give out



Lactic Acid Fermentation
Inputs:
– Glucose, 2ADP
Outputs:
– 2ATP, 2 lactic acid
Ex:
– Bacteria that help in
making yogurt.
– Human muscle cells
when out of oxygen.
Lactic Acid Fermentation

Physical conditioning
allows your body to
adapt to increased
activity
– The body can increase
its ability to deliver
oxygen to muscles

Long-distance runners
wait until the final
sprint to exceed their
aerobic capacity
Bread and Alcoholic Beverages
Use Yeast
 Carbon dioxide is produced and ethanol
 http://www.microbiologybytes.com/video/
Scerevisiae.html

Alcohol Fermentation

Inputs:
– Glucose, 2ADP

Outputs:
– 2ATP, 2 ethanol, 2 CO2

Ex:
– Yeast in wine and beer
production.
Why don’t you get drunk off
bread?
Take a minute and pair up with the person
sitting NEXT to you and discuss this
question.
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic
Respiration
“Aerobic”
IF O2
TP
Glycolysis
Mitochondria
2 Pyruvic
Acid
Glucose
If NO 02
Cell
Membrane
“Anaerobic”
Lab – Alcohol Fermentation of
Yeast
Yeast – have a mitochondria and can
perform aerobic respiration as well.
 Yeast – do anaerobic respiration (alcohol
Fermentation)
 Outputs: CO2, ATP, and Ethanol
 Sucrose= glucose and fructose
 Feedback Inhibition- too much of product
stops the reaction
 Yeast- used for bread, and alcoholic
beverages

Lab
We are trying to get the most Carbon
Dioxide production by doing the MOST
anaerobic respiration
 Using Helium quality balloons because
helium is a smaller atom than CO2

Do Now
Why do your muscles burn after you
exercise?
 Do we do anaerobic or aerobic
respiration?
 What are the differences between the
two?

Do Now

What is light?

What are the different forms of light?

What is the kind of light we can see?
Do Now – Label the area this happens
1.
 2.
 3.
 4.

Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
Glucose
Oxygen
5. Cholorplast
6. Mitochondria
7. Carbon dioxide
Objectives
SWBAT compare and contrast cellular
respiration and photosynthesis
 SWBAT answer questions to help them
review for their upcoming test.
