Transcript Enzyme Introduction

Enzyme Production
Large Scale fermentation
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Large scale fermentation can be aerobic or
anaerobic, dependent on the microorganism
being used.
It is carried out in large cylindrical steel
containers called fermenters or bioreactors.
Within this fermenter large scale growth of
microorganisms will occur if the correct
nutritional requirements and conditions are
maintained.
Structure of fermenter
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Stainless steel
Importance of disinfecting
Paddles (stirrer)
Sterile nutrient solution
Monitoring
pH
Temperature
Oxygen concentration
Water jacket – Fermentation heat generating
Exhaust pipe
Method of fermentation
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Batch fermentation - Microrganism put into
the fermenter with nutrient medium.
Fermentation is allowed to happen and
nothing is added only the venting of exhaust
gases. Fermentation is complete when all the
nutrients are used up.
Fed-batch fermentation – different
substances are added at different times
during the fermentation process.
Industrial application
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Beer Production
Organic Molecules
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What is an organic molecule
We can say the an organic molecule one that
contains the elements of both Carbon and
Hydrogen. These include Carbohydrates,
Proteins and Lipids.
Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen gas, Nitrates,
Water would be seen as an inorganic
molecules.
Autotrophs
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Some microorganisms like plants can
produce organic sugar molecules through
photosynthesis which involves reactions
between inorganic molecules Water and
Carbon Dioxide to produce the organic
molecule glucose.
Plants can convert sugar (organic molecule)
into other organic molecules like protein
through the addition of inorganic molecules
like nitrates.
Nutritional requirements
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Different microorganisms have different nutritional
requirements. Summary of the function of some of the
elements within a microorganism.
Element
Carbon
Function
Carbon is the key component of organic molecules.
Carbohydrate, Protein, lipids and Nucleic acids (DNA)
Nitrogen
Proteins and nucleic acid (DNA)
Sulphur
Some Amino acids
Phosphorus
Phospholipids, ATP and nucleic acid (DNA)
How do we provide these
elements to the microorganisms?
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Depends greatly on the
microorganism used.
Carbon
Some microorganisms
are like humans and
require carbon in the
form of organic
molecules e.g.
Carbohydrates.
Some are
photosynthetic
organisms and
therefore require
Carbon in the form of
Carbon dioxide.
Nitrogen
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Nitrogen
Some microorganisms require
organic molecules containing
nitrogen e.g. Amino acids or
peptides (protein) which they can
digest to amino acids, to construct
protein.
Other microorganisms can fix
nitrogen from the atmosphere.
Others use inorganic nitrates or
ammonium ions, to produce amino
acids.
Continued
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Sulphur – Organic nutrients such as Amino
acids or peptides contain Sulphur.
Some micro-organisms use inorganic nutrients
such as sulphur or sulphates to produce own
sulphur containing amino acids.
Extra growth factors, including vitamins may
be required.
Oxygen – Many microorganisms carry out
aerobic respiration so require oxygen.
Some are anaerobic and can’t tolerate oxygen
so need to be cultured in its complete
absence.