Transcript Classification

Classification of Living
Things
http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg
TAXONOMY
_______________ =
branch of biology that names and
groups organisms according to their
_________________________
CHARACTERISTICS
Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers?
__________________________
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
How has organism changed in fossil record?
What other organisms is it related to?
(300 B.C.)
Image from:
The first person to
group or classify
organisms was the
Greek teacher &
philosopher
ARISTOTLE
_______________
more than 2000
years ago.
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html
Aristotle’s system
By: Riedell
PLANTS:
Based on
size of stem
ANIMALS:
Based on
where they lived
Problems?
1. Not all organisms fit into Aristotle’s
2 groups (plants or animals)
Ex: Bacteria
Fungi
Images from: http://www.leighday.co.uk/upload/public/docImages/6/Listeria%20bacteria.jpg
http://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/p/3571-fungi.jpg
Problems?
2. Common names can be misleading
Ex:
A jelly fish isn’t a fish,
but a seahorse is!
Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish
Sea cucumber
sounds like a plant
but… it’s an animal!
Image from:
http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg
Problems?
3. Common names vary from
place to place
Ex: puma,
catamount,
mountain lion,
cougar
are all names
for same animal
Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg
Problems?
4. Same organisms have different
names in different countries.
Chipmunk
Streifenhornchen (German)
Tamia (Italian)
Ardilla listada (Spanish)
Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm
Solution?
Some early scientists devised
scientific names using long
descriptions in LATIN.
RED OAK
Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis
setaceo-mucronatis
RED OAK
Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceomucronatis
“oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes
bearing hairlike bristles”
PROBLEMS?
Names too hard and long to remember!
Names don’t show relationships
between different animals
Carolus Linnaeus comes
to the rescue!
(1707-1778)
Devised a new
classification system
based on
_________________
MORPHOLOGY
(Organism’s form and
structure)
Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg
Linnaeus’s System
HIERARCHY
Grouped in a _____________
of 7 different levels
Each organism has a two part
LATIN SCIENTIFIC
__________________
NAME
Kidspiration by Riedell
Source: see end of show
King
Philip
Came
Over
From
Geneva
Switzerland
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora
Family Felidae
Genus Panthera
Species leo
http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg
Kidspiration by Riedell
BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE
(2 name naming system)
GENUS NAME
• 1st name = _______________
– Always capitalized
SPECIES IDENTIFIER
•2nd name = _________________
–Always lower case
UNDERLINED or
•Both names are ______________
ITALICS
written in ____________.
Binomial Nomenclature
Vampire bat
Desmodus rotundus
Image from: http://212.84.179.117/i/Vampire%20Bat.jpg
Eastern chipmunk
Tamias striatus
Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm
Binomial nomenclature
Humans
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg
So what do we use now?
MODERN TAXONOMY
Still use Linnaeus’s system:
but we have added more
_____________
KINGDOMS
Remember: Linnaeus only had 2.
Modern Taxonomy
Kidspiration by Riedell
MODERN TAXONOMY
organizes
living things
in the context of
_________________
Evolution
http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/dino/FlyingDinosaurus-Pterodon-fossil.jpg
MODERN TAXONOMY
Scientists use different kinds of info
to classify organisms:
1. ______________________
Fossil record
2. ______________________
Morphology
Embryology
3. ______________________
Chromosomes
4. ______________________
Macromolecules (DNA & proteins)
5. ______________________
1. FOSSIL RECORD
We can trace some changes
over time through the fossil record.
Evolutionary history
= _____________
PHYLOGENY
http://www.familyeducation.com/printables/display/0,2361,1650,00.gif
Phylogenetic Tree
• Family tree that shows the evolutionary
relationships thought to exist among groups
of organisms.
• Represents a hypothesis and is based on
several lines of evidence.
• Subject to change as new information
arises.
Phylogenetic Tree
Phylogenetic Tree
• Organism at base of tree is common
ancestor to all the others in the tree.
• Branch points indicate the evolution of
some characteristic that splits a group into
two groups.
• Groups shown at tips of branches include
organisms that have evolved most recently.
2. MORPHOLOGY
Shape and Function
Image from:
http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html
MORPHOLOGY
_________________
HOMOLOGOUS characteristics:
same embryological origin
(may have similar structure and function)
EX: __________________________
Bat wing & human arm
Homologous characteristics
suggest a
_____________________.
Recent common ancestor
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html
Bat wing
and human arm
develop from
same embryonic
structures
MORPHOLOGY
ANALOGOUS
______________ characteristics:
may have similar structure & function
but different embryological origin
EX: _______________________
Bird wing & butterfly wing
ANALOGOUS characteristics
evolved separately.
Organisms NOT
________________________.
CLOSELY RELATED
ANALOGOUS
Bird wing and
STRUCTURES
butterfly wing
have evolved with
similar function
BUT
different structure
inside.
http://uk.dk.com/static/cs/uk/11/clipart/bird/image_bird003.html
Insects and birds
NOT closely related!
http://www.naturenorth.com/butterfly/images/05a%20tiger%20wing.jpg
Even differences show relatedness
amnion /am·ni·on/ (am´ne-on) bag of waters; the extraembryonic
membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals, which lines the chorion
and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid
http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/27/117227-050-E1C9ABEE.jpg
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/amnions
3. EMBRYOLOGY
Animals whose embryos develop
in a similar pattern may be related
Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml
4. CHROMOSOMES
Similar karyotypes suggest closer relationships.
Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png
Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.
Human- 46 chromosomes
Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes
Even differences show relatedness
Chimpanzees have 2 smaller chromosome pairs we don’t have
Humans have 1 larger chromosome pair (#2) they don’t have.
Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png
Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.
TELOMERES
IN MIDDLE
____________________
All chromosomes have special
sequences called TELOMERES at their
ends to protect the strands during
replication.
http://joannenova.com.au/Speaking/Morslids.html
2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE
Human chromosome is only
human chromosome that has
telomere sequences at the
ends BUT ALSO IN THE
MIDDLE . . . suggesting it
was made by joining two
other chromosomes together.
→
→
→
http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm
EXTRA CENTROMERE
_________________
Chromosome #2 has a second
inactive centromere region . . .
suggesting it was made by
joining two other chromosomes
together.
→
Which chromosomes?
http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm
BANDING PATTERN MATCHES
________________________
If you take the two smaller
chromosomes they have that
we don’t, and place them end
to end, the banding pattern
is identical to human
chromosome #2
http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm
5. MACROMOLECULES
Compare molecules like
PROTEINS (amino acids)
_________________
DNA
_________________
Organisms with similar sequences are
probably more closely related.
See page 334-335
So what do we use now?
6 KINGDOMS
_________________based on multiple kinds of evidence
Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
Shows evolutionary relationships based on:
Morphology
Fossil records
Embryology
Chromosomes
Macromolecules (DNA & Proteins)
6 KINGDOM SYSTEM
These relationships can
be shown in a diagram
called a
PHYLOGENETIC TREE
_______________________
Image from:
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg
So what do we use now?
OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES
the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM:
_____________
CLADISTICS
Shows evolutionary relationships based on:
“shared
derived characters”
_____________________________
CLADISTICS
• Relatively new system of phylogenetic
classification.
• Uses certain features of organisms called
shared derived characteristics to establish
evolutionary relationships.
• Derived character: feature that apparently
evolved only within the group under
consideration. Example: feathers in birds
are inherited from a common ancestor.
Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg
CLADISTICS
Cladistic relationships are shown in a
diagram called a_________________
CLADOGRAM
Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg
CLADOGRAMS
• Ancestral diagrams made by means of
cladistic analysis.
• To interpret a cladogram:
– Begin at the bottom and move up the axis that
shows branch points.
– Groups and derived characteristics appeared in
the order shown.
– Example: all groups branching above “hair”
have hair. Those below do not.
Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg
So what do we use now?
OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES
the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM:
3 DOMAIN SYSTEM
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
Group organisms based on the
RIBOSOMES they have
kind of ______________