Transcript Proteins
Proteins Regents Biology Proteins: Multipurpose molecules Regents Biology 2006-2007 Proteins Examples muscle skin, hair, fingernails, claws collagen, keratin insulin pepsin pepsin digestive enzyme in stomach insulin hormone that controls blood sugar levels Regents Biology collagen (skin) Proteins Function: many, many functions hormones signals from one body system to another insulin movement muscle immune system protect against germs enzymes Regents Biology help chemical reactions Proteins Building block = amino acids amino amino amino amino amino acid – acid – acid – acid – acid 20 different amino acids H O H | || —N— —C—C—OH | H variable Regents Biology group There’s 20 of us… like 20 different letters in an alphabet! Can make lots of different words Amino acid chains Proteins amino acids chained into a polymer amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid Each amino acid is different some “like” water & dissolve in it some “fear” water & separate from it Regents Biology Water-fearing amino acids Hydrophobic “water fearing” amino acids try to get away from water in cell the protein folds Regents Biology Water-loving amino acids Hydrophillic “water loving” amino acids try to stay in water in cell the protein folds Regents Biology For proteins: SHAPE matters! Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape that’s what happens in the cell! Different shapes = different jobs growth hormone Regents Biology hemoglobin pepsin collagen It’s SHAPE that matters! Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape Unfolding a protein destroys its shape wrong shape = can’t do its job unfolding proteins = “denature” temperature pH (acidity) unfolded “denatured” In Biology, it’s not the size, it’s the SHAPE that matters! Regents Biology folded Carbohydrates Regents Biology True or False? Proteins are found in muscles. Proteins are never hormones. One of the functions of protein is for movement. Enzymes are not considered proteins. Enzymes assist (help) chemical reactions. Regents Biology CH2OH H O H OH H H OH HO Carbohydrates: Energy molecules Regents Biology 2009-2010 H OH Carbohydrates Building block molecules = sugars sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Regents Biology Carbohydrates Function: quick energy energy storage structure glucose C6H12O6 cell wall in plants sucrose Examples sugars starches cellulose (cell wall) Regents Biology starch Sugars = building blocks Names for sugars usually end in -ose glucose fructose sucrose maltose CH2OH Regents Biology H O H OH H H OH HO H OH glucose C6H12O6 sucrose fructose maltose Building carbohydrates Synthesis 1 sugar = monosaccharide | glucose | glucose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two Regents Biology 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose Building carbohydrates Synthesis 1 sugar = monosaccharide | glucose | fructose How sweet it is! Regents Biology 2 sugars = disaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) Building BIG carbohydrates glucose + glucose + glucose… = polysaccharide starch (plant) energy storage glycogen (animal) Regents Biology True or False The monomer of carbohydrates is sugar. Many sugars put together is called a monosaccharide. Carbohydrates never are used for structural purposes. The most common type of sugar is lactose. 2 sugars put together is a disaccharide. Glycogen is an example of energy storage in regards to carbohydrates. Regents Biology Lipids: Fats & Oils Regents Biology 2003- Lipids Concentrated energy molecules Regents Biology 2003- Lipids Examples fats oils waxes hormones sex hormones testosterone (male) estrogen (female) Regents Biology 2003- Lipids Function: energy storage very concentrated twice the energy as carbohydrates! cell membrane cushions organs insulates body think whale blubber! Regents Biology 2003- Structure of Fat not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule” Regents Biology 2003- Saturated fats Most animal fats solid at room temperature Limit the amount in your diet contributes to heart disease deposits in arteries Regents Biology 2003- Unsaturated fats Plant, vegetable & fish fats liquid at room temperature the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together Better choice in your diet Regents Biology 2003- Saturated vs. unsaturated saturated unsaturated Regents Biology 2003- Other lipids in biology Cholesterol good molecule in cell membranes make hormones from it including sex hormones but too much cholesterol in blood may lead to heart disease Regents Biology 2003- Nucleic Acids Monomer = nucleotide Polymer – DNA or RNA Structure: Function: Hereditary Information Regents Biology