Transcript Biochemistry + Organic molecules

Biochemistry + Organic molecules
• Composition of matter– Everything in the universe is made of matter.
– Matter takes up space and has mass.
– Matter exists in 4 states.
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Solid (Has a definite vol and shape)
Liquid (Has a definite vol. but no definite shape)
Gas (Does not have a def. vol. or shape)
Plasma (No vol/shape. Only exist at very high temp)
Key terms (Chemistry)
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Chemistry- study of atoms
– Atom- simplest part of an
element
• Proton (+ charge, located in
nucleus, atomic #)
• Neutron (No charge, located
in nucleus, P + N = atomic
mass, atomic mass – P = N)
• Electron (- charge, located in
orbital, P = E)
– Elements- pure substances
which cannot be broken into
simpler kinds of matter (C, H, O,
N)
– Molecules- smallest unit of most
compounds
Key terms (Chemistry)
• Ionic bonding- donating electrons (between
2 atoms)
• Covalent bonding- sharing electrons
(between 2 elements)
Types of molecules
• Inorganic molecules- Do not have C and H together. Can
play important roles in living things. Ex- NaCl
• Organic molecules- have C and H, determine structure
and function of living things. Ex C6H12O6
– Macromolecules- large molecules
– 4 major types
• Polar molecules- are attracted to H2O. Have +/- charges
(Hydrophilic)
• Non-Polar Molecules- are repelled by H2O, do not
dissolve in H2O (Hydrophobic)
– Most common elements in living things are C, H, N, and O.
Constitute 95% of your body. Chemistry of C allows the
formation of an enormous variety of organic molecules
Types of molecules
• Monomermacromolecules
composed of one
subunit (one unit)
• Polymermacromolecules
composed of 3 to
millions of monomer
subunits (many units)
Biochemistry
• Biochemistry- study of the chemical
processes in living organisms
– Organic Molecules
• Macromolecules (4)
– Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
organic molecules
• 1.) Carbohydrates- used for
energy production in the human
body
– 2 types: Starches (Polymer)
and sugars (Monomer) (Are
building blocks of
carbohydrates)
• Can be Monosaccharide
(1 sugar Exglucose/fructose)
• Disaccharides (2 sugars
Ex- sucrose)
• Polysaccharides (many
sugars Ex- glycogen)
Glucose (Monomer)
• Glucose
-(C6H12O6)
-Broken down into ATP
during Cellular
Respiration
– Used for energy
– Glycogen (polymer) is
several molecules of
glucose together
Glycogen (polymer)
– Glycogen is several
molecules of glucose
together
– Used for energy storage
in animals.
(Muscles/Liver)
organic molecules
• 2.) Lipids- (insoluble in
H20, store and release
energy, important part of
membranes and H2O proof
coverings)
– 3 types: Fats, waxes, and oils
(Are building blocks of lipids
• Fats and oils are made from
a glycerol molecule (-OH)
combined with 3 Fatty acids
(-COOH)
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
– Saturated fat- C joined to C
in the fatty acid chain by only
1 C bond. Also, have the
maximum number of H atoms
on the fatty acid (saturated
with H atoms).
– Unsaturated fat- have one
double carbon bond in a fatty
acid (polyunsaturated- more
that 1 double carbon bond).
Liquid at room temp.
• Helps lower cholesterol and
LDL
organic molecules
• 3.) Proteins- Some control
the rate of reactions and regulate
cell processes. Some are used to
form bones and muscles, or
transport substances in and out of
cells or help fight disease.
– Amino Acids- are the building
blocks of protein. Amino acids
have an amino group and a
carboxyl group, are differentiated
by their R group. More than 20
different kinds.
– Amino acids held together by
peptide bonds (polypeptides)
organic molecules
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4.) Nucleic Acids- Store and transmit
heredity or genetic information.
– 2 types: DNA and RNA
– Nucleic acids are formed from
nucleotides (5-C sugar, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous base)
• DNA contains deoxyribose as
sugar (Double helix)/ RNA
contains ribose as sugar (Single
strand)
• DNA has (A,T,C,G as bases)/
RNA has (A,U,C,G)
• DNA only found in nucleus
• 3 types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA,
rRNA)
DNA Electrophoresis
Reagents
• Carbohydrate tests
– Iodine (Lugol’s reagent)
• Tests for the presence of starch
• Turns a purple black color when starch is present
– Benedict’s reagent
• Tests for the presence of sugar (monosaccharide)
• Turns orange/red/yellow when a sugar is present
Reagents
• Protein test
– Biuret’s reagent
• Tests for the presence of a protein
• Turns a purple (light)/ violet color
• Lipid test
– Sudan III
• Turns red in the presence of a lipid
– Spot test
• Turns translucent
Reagents
• DNA tests
– Methlyene blue
• Clear solution that turns blue in the presence DNA