Transcript Macromolecules

Macromolecules
Organic (carbon) polymers- (repeating units) that
make up living things
Monomer
Polymer
Carbon-based Molecules
•Although a cell is
mostly water, the rest
of the cell consists
mostly of carbon-based
molecules
Copyright Cmassengale
2
Carbon is a Versatile Atom
•It has four electrons in it
outer
Carbon can
share with up to
four atoms at a
time
Copyright Cmassengale
3
Hydrocarbons
•The simplest carbon
compounds …
Contain only carbon
& hydrogen atoms
Copyright Cmassengale
4
Hydrocarbons
Form an endless
diversity of
carbon skeletons
Copyright Cmassengale
5
Large Hydrocarbons:
• The main
molecules in
gasoline
The hydrocarbons
of fat molecules
provide energy for
our bodies
Copyright Cmassengale
6
Shape of Organic Molecules
The shape
determines its
function in an
organism
Copyright Cmassengale
7
Functional Groups are:
• Groups of atoms that give properties to the
compounds to which they attach
Gained Electrons
Copyright Cmassengale
Lost Electrons
8
Common Functional Groups
Copyright Cmassengale
9
Linking Monomers
Dehydration- linking monomers by
removing water.
Remove H
H2O Forms
Remove OH
This process joins two sugar monomers
to make a double sugar
Copyright Cmassengale
10
Breaking Down Polymers
• Hydrolysisbreaking down
monomers by
adding water
Water added to split a double sugar
Copyright Cmassengale
11
Protein
-Proteins—large organic polymers formed
from monomers called amino acids.
-amino acids make up all proteins.
ex. muscles, hair
Four Types of Proteins
Storage
Structural
Contractile
Copyright Cmassengale
Transport
13
Amino Acids
All proteins are made of 20 different
amino acids linked in different orders
Copyright Cmassengale
14
Structure of Amino Acids
•Amino acids have a
central carbon with 4
things boded to it:
Amino
group
Amino group –NH2
Carboxyl
group
R group
Carboxyl group -COOH
Hydrogen
Side group
-H
-R
Side
groups
Serine-hydrophillic
Leucine -hydrophobic
Copyright Cmassengale
15
Linking Amino Acids
Peptide bonds
forms when two
amino acids are
linked together
(polypeptides)
Dehydration
Synthesis
Peptide Bond
Copyright Cmassengale
16
Protein Structures or CONFORMATIONS
• Primary – amino acid order
• Secondary – chain shaping (pleating, waving)
• Tertiary – chain folding (R group interactions)
• Quantinary –chain combining
17
Hydrogen bond
Pleated sheet
Polypeptide
(single subunit)
Amino acid
(a) Primary structure
Hydrogen bond
Alpha helix
(b) Secondary
structure
(c) Tertiary structure
(d) Quaternary structure
Nucleic Acids
-Nucleic acids— polymers formed from monomers called
nucleotides
- Store genetic information and code for proteins
-DNA—the nucleic acid, found in the nucleus of cells
Copyright Cmassengale
20
Nucleotides
Base, sugar, phosphate
Phosphate
group
Thymine (T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
Nucleotide
21
Nucleotide – Nucleic acid monomer
Copyright Cmassengale
22
Nucleotide Monomers
Nucleotides are
joined by sugars
& phosphates on
the side
Backbone
Nucleotide
Bases
DNA
Copyright Cmassengale
strand
23
DNA
•Two strands of
DNA joined together
by bases in the
middle to form a
double helix
Base
pair
Double helix
Copyright Cmassengale
24
RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
Nitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or U)
•Ribose sugar
has an extra –
OH or
hydroxyl group
Uraci
l
Phosphate
group
Sugar (ribose)
Copyright Cmassengale
25
Carbohydrates
-Carbohydrates—polymers formed from sugar
monomers
-provide energy for the body (starch)
Sugar Types
• Monosaccharides (1 sugar) Ex. Glucose
• Disaccharides-(2 simple sugars) Ex. Table sugar
• Polysaccharides-(many sugars). Ex: starch
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Isomers- same
chemical formulas
but different
structural formulas
C6H12O6
Include glucose,
fructose, & galactose
Copyright Cmassengale
28
Monosaccharides
•Glucose is found in
sports drinks
Fructose is found
in fruits
Honey contains
both glucose &
fructose
Galactose is called
“milk sugar”
-OSE ending means SUGAR
29
Rings
• In aqueous (watery) solutions,
monosaccharides form ring structures
Copyright Cmassengale
30
Disaccharides
-made by joining two
monosaccharides
through dehydration
-Forms a glycosidic bond
Copyright Cmassengale
31
Disaccharides
• Common disaccharides
Sucrose= glucose + fructose (table sugar)
Lactose= galactose + glucose (Milk Sugar)
Maltose= glucose + glucose (Grain sugar)
Copyright Cmassengale
32
Polysaccharides (complex sugars)
Polymers of
monosaccharide
chains
Composed of many
sugar monomers
linked together
Copyright Cmassengale
33
Glucose Monomer
Examples of Polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Copyright Cmassengale
34
Starch
• Starch is an example of a storage
polysaccharide in plants
• Ex. Potatoes and grains
Copyright Cmassengale
35
Glycogen
• Glycogen is a storage
polysaccharide in animals
Glycogen and starch are
Borth made from glucose
Copyright Cmassengale
36
Cellulose
• Structure polysaccharide in plants
• Ex. - plant cell walls, wood, fibers (indigestible) to
humans.
Copyright Cmassengale
37
Dietary Cellulose
Some animals
have bacteria
in their
digestive
tracts that can
break down
cellulose
Copyright Cmassengale
38
Sugars in Water
• Simple sugars and double sugars dissolve
readily in water
They are hydrophilic, or
“water-loving”
WATER
MOLECULE
-OH groups
make them
water soluble
SUGAR
MOLECULE
Copyright Cmassengale
39
Lipids
-Lipids- 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol “backbone”.
Used for energy storage, insulation, and to keep
water out.
Ex oils, fats, steroids, waxes
Linking Lipids
dehydration
Fatty Acid Chain
Copyright Cmassengale
41
Lipids
Do NOT mix with water
• Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing”
FAT MOLECULE
Copyright Cmassengale
42
Steroids
•The carbon skeleton of
steroids is bent to form 4
fused rings
•Cholesterol is the
“base steroid” from
which your body
produces other
steroids like
estrogen and
testosterone.
Cholesterol
Estrogen
Testosterone
Copyright Cmassengale
43
Lipid Types
• Saturated fats -a fatty acid with all the H’s it can hold. Ex.
Animal fat (solid)
• Unsaturated fat- a fatty acid that can hold more hydrogen.
Ex. Vegetable and fish oils (liquid)
Types of Fatty Acids
Single
Bonds in
Carbon
chain
Double bond in carbon
chain
Copyright Cmassengale
45
Chemical Reactions
• Chemical Reactions – substances being
changed into new substances. ex. Burned wood
Ex. H2O2
Reactants- go into a
reaction
H2O + O2
Products – are made
Activation Energy
• Activation energy – energy needed to start a reaction
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Enzymes-catalyst (speed up rxns)
• Enzymes- Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by
lowering activation energy.
• Lock and Key fit – active site of enzymes match the shape
of their substrates (reactants).
Enzyme + Substrate = Product
Copyright Cmassengale
49
Enzyme Denature
• An enzyme will denature (lose its shape) at certain
temperatures or pH’s and stop working