Transcript 181lec10
Psych 181: Dr. Anagnostaras
Lec 10: Marijuana
Marijuana and cannabinoids
Cannabis sativa, hemp
One of earliest non-food plants cultivated
fiber for rope, seeds for oil and birdseed
Westerm world find bioactiv.
1st archaeological evidence
of hemp use
Ritual use
in India
Use semiMedical use
Hashish use in
legal in
CA/AZ
in China
Arab world
8000 BC
2700 BC
2000 BC
1000 AD
1850s
1996
from Childers & Breivogel (1998)
Wide Distribution
Marijuana and cannabinoids
Cannabinoids
pharmacologically active compounds
over 60 (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (9THC), 8-THC, cannabinol, etc.)
CH 3
OH
H 3C
H 3C
CH 2
O
CH 2
CH 2
CH 2
9-Tetrahydrocannabinol
CH 3
Forms and preparations
Marijuana
mixture of leaves, stems, tops
1960’s: 1-3% THC; 1990’s: up to 8-10%
“Bubble Gum”
“Big Bud”
“Dutch Northern Lights”
Use in America
Forms and preparations
Hashish
dried resin from top of female plant
THC usually 2-5%, but up to 15%
Hash Oil
organic extraction
from hashish
THC usually ~ 10-20%
up to 70%
Synthetic cannabinoids
Developed for research
Some very potent
C
N
O
O
CH 3
CH 2
N
O
WIN 55212
History
Second only to
alcohol & tobacco
History
1960
• CA Laws
Misdemeanors
< 28.5 g (1 oz)
Jail time: None
Fine: $100
> 28.5 g
6 months
$500
Gift < 28.5
None; $100
< 28.5 g at school
10 days
$500
> 28.5g at school
6 months
$500
Felonies
Cultivation
Any amount
Not patients
& caregivers
16 months
Sale
Any amount
2 -4 yrs
To minor
3 - 5 years
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
very lipid soluble
good absorption if smoked (20-37%)
THC Administration
rapid peak
Injection
Smoking
Blood levels
100
100
1
1
17.2
0
1
2
3
4
0
Time (hr)
1
2
3
4
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Oral
Rated “high”
Intravenous (5 mg)
Smoking (19 mg)
Oral (20 mg)
0
THC Administration
absorption with oral
120
240
Time (min)
360
100
Blood levels
slow
17.4
1
0
17.2
1
2
3
4
Time (hr)
5
6
Metabolism and clearance
rapid initial drop due to redistribution to fats
slower metabolism in liver
metabolites may persist for a week
Major biologically active
compound may be metabolite
1. Primary metabolic product of 9-THC
(11-OH-9-THC) is more potent than 9-THC
2. Delay between peak plasma levels and “high”
Effects on behavior
Low - moderate doses
disinhibition, relaxation, drowsiness
feeling of well being, exhileration, euphoria
sensory - perceptual changes
recent memory impairment
balance/stability impaired
decreased muscle strength, small tremor
poor on complex motor tasks (e.g., driving)
Effects on behavior
Performance decrement (s)
Psychomotor performance
1.0
Simple
response time
Response time
(divided attention)
0.6
0.2
2
6
12
Time (hr)
2
6
12
17.5
Effects on behavior
High doses
pseudohallucinations
synesthesias
impaired judgement, reaction time
pronounced motor impairment
increasingly disorganized thoughts,
confusion, paranoia, agitation
Not lethal even at very high doses
Repeated administration
Tolerance
3H-CP-55,940
Chronic THC
Binding
Control
17.9
Repeated administration
Long-term effects
Amotivational syndrome?
Cancer & Immune function
Memory problems
Mental illness
Potential medical uses
Glaucoma (increased intraocular pressure)
Antiemetic (reduce nausea and vomiting)
Anticonvulsant
Enhance appetite (e.g., AIDS patients)
Analgesic
THC versus marijuana controversy?
Mechanisms of action
Nonspecific?
e.g., membrane fluidity changes
Specific?
is there a cannabinoid receptor?
small doses effective
effects of d and l isomers different
marked structure-function effects
inhibits cAMP formation via G protein (1986)
Mechanisms of action
Is there a cannabinoid receptor?
Development of synthetic cannabinoids
9-THC binds weakly and not full agonist
CP and WIN series of compounds and
antagonists (1986-1990s)
first binding experiments (1988)
first localization (1990)
CB-1 receptor cloned (1990)
CB-2 cloned (1993)
Cannabinoid receptor
[3H]CP-55,940 Binding
17.8
Cannabinoid receptor
Receptor localization
conserved across mammalian species
similar to cAMP distribution
binding inhibited
by cAMP analogues
both CB-1 and CB-2
(peripheral) receptors are
G protein coupled
receptor density very high,
rivalling amino acid receptors
Endogenous cannabinoids
Anandamide
from Sanskrit for “bliss”
arachidonic acid derivative (1992)
similar actions to cannabinoids
inhibit cAMP via cannabinoid receptor
inhibit binding of cannabinoids
only partial agonist at CB-1
CONHCH CH OH
decrease motor activity
antinociceptive effects
Anandamide (Anandamide 20:4,n-6)
2
2
Endogenous cannabinoids
Others
2-arachidonyl glycerol
full agonist at CB-1 and in brain in higher
conc. than anandamide
additional unidentified compounds have been
found
CONHCH 2CH2OH
Anandamide (Anandamide 20:4,n-6)
• Pharmacodynamics
Release w/
increases in
Calcium
Pre-synaptic CB-1
receptors
Retrograde signal
Inhibits GABA
release
Locus of actions
Relationship between action & sites of
action not known
Speculation:
memory effects - hippocampus
reward - mesostriatal DA system
motor activity - basal ganglia, cerebellum
analgesic effects - spinal cord and in
peripheral tissue (endogenous compounds
effective via non-opiate mechanism)
% change in accumbens DA
Actions on DA systems
1.0 mg/kg THC
0.5 mg/kg THC
Vehicle
150
100
Injection
0
40
80
Time (min)
120
THC self-administration in monkeys
Withdrawal from THC lasts about 3 weeks
Marijuana Relapse Rates Remain High for 6 months