Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
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Transcript Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
KNH 411
© 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Malabsorption - maldigestion of fat, CHO, Protein
Number one concern
Decreased villious height, enzyme production
Decreased transit time- recesting, surgury can alter or
stress the GI
Might need time to recover- Chrons, CD, diverticulitis
Disfunction of an accessory organ
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Malabsorption - fat
Steatorrhea- fat travels undigested and malabsorbed ,
ADEK a concern, worry about kidney stones
Fat-soluble vitamins malabsorbed
Potential for excess oxalate(kidney stones)
Abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea
Dg; fecal fat test or D-xylose absorption test, or small
bowel x-ray
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Malabsorption - Fat – Nutrition
Restrict fat 25-50 g/day= #1
Use of MCT supplements- medium chain triglycerides- must
be shorted chain, body cannot activate enzymes and cab
absorbed right into the system.
Give gut a rest
Pancreatic enzymes
Chrones- take before their meals
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Malabsorption - CHO
Lactose malabsorption
Increased gas, abdominal cramping, diarrhea
Restrict milk and dairy products
Diagnosed by lactose tolerance test- breath test
Products such as Lactaid can be rec.
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Malabsorption - protein
Protein-losing enteropathy- excess of protein loss
Reduced serum protein (shows in this lab value)
Short term uses pre albumin
Peripheral edema- Cells cannot hold water, fluid
overloaded
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Malabsorption - Nutrition Therapy
Results in weight loss, loss of vit/ min
Chronic PEM (protein energy malnutrition)
Treat underlying disease/ nutrient being malabsorbed
Amino acid formula
Simple carbs
Short chain triglycerides
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Celiac disease
Genetic and autoimmune
Occurs when wheat rye barely is eaten (oats can be
contaminated as well)
Inflammatory state that creates antibodies
Occurs when alpha-gliadin from wheat, rye, malt, barley
are eaten
Infiltration of WBC, production of IgA antibodies
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Celiac disease - pathophysiology
Damage to villi
Decreased enzyme function
Maldigestion and malabsorption
Occurs with other autoimmune disorders- type 1 diabetes,
r. arthritis, psorisis
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Celiac disease - clinical manifestations
Bone and joint pain, mouth sores
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, cramping, bloating, gas
Muscle cramping, fatigue
Skin rash
Higher risk for lymphoma and osteoporosis
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Celiac Disease - Diagnosis/Treatment/Prognosis
Biopsy of small intestinal mucosa
Reversal of symptoms following gluten-free diet
Refractory CD; d/t coexisting disease
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Celiac Disease - Nutrition Intervention
Low-residue (min diarrhea), low-fat 45-50g no more, lactosefree, gluten-free diet
Identify hidden sources of gluten
Specialty products
Oats controversial- no more than 1/2 cup per day
Much easier for individuals
So many not CD are using this diet
Of course you lose weight, its an elimination diet (eliminating
calories), physiological effect, lose a lot of B complex/ fiber
Make sure to supplement with B complex vitamins and get
enough fiber
Slight change in taste
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Abdominal pain with two of the following, to truly have
IBS:
Pain relieved with defecation
Onset associated with change in frequency of stool
Onset associated with change in form of stool
Eliminate “red flag” symptoms
Difficulty eliminating waste products
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
IBS
Most common GI complaint difficulty eliminating - more
common in women
Etiology unknown
Increased serotonin, inflammatory response, abnormal
motility, pain
Stress trauma, emotional paindepression
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
IBS - clinical manifestations
Abdominal pain, alterations in bowel habits, gas,
flatulence
Increased sensitivity to certain foods
Concurrent dg
Lactose, wheat, high fiber foods, fibormyalgia, CFS, food
allergies
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
IBS - Treatment
Guided by symptoms
Antidiarrheal agents
Tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs (selective seretonin
reuptake inhibitors (another antidepressant)
Bulking agents, laxatives
Behavioral therapies- to relieve stress
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
IBS - Nutrition Therapy
Can lead to nutrient deficiency, underweight, or
malnourished
Due to constant pain/ depression
Decrease anxiety, normalize dietary patterns (for dietitian
to do)
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
IBS - Nutrition Therapy
Assess diet hx (trigger foods)
Assess nutritional adequacy
Focus on increasing fiber intake- to 25 grams per day after
crisis state
Adequate fluid- 2,000 cc for a 2,000 calorie diet
Pre- and probiotics- rebuild gut flora
Avoid foods that produce gas!!
AND SWALLowed air- straws
© 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth
© 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
IBD - Nutrition Therapy]
Antibiotics
May require nut support, TPN
Malnutrition
High cal, pro, fiber regimen
Fe, Zn, Mg, electrolytes concern (Na, K, Cl replacement)
May need to increase kcal, protein, micronutrients
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
IBD - Nutrition Interventions
During exacerbation- if gut works use it, Ensure,
supplement to keep GI tract function
Supplement
Assess energy needs + stress factor- 200-500 extra calories
per day
May need to increase protein 1.5- 1.7 g/kg bw
Low-residue, lactose-free diet
Small, frequent meals- that are high calorie, high protein
Glutamine and AGRININE decrease inflammation
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
IBD - Nutrition Interventions
May use MCT oil (for problems with steatorrhea)
Restrict gas-producing foods
Increase fiber and lactose as tolerated (out of crisis stage,
up to 40 grams per day)
Advancement of oral diet- individual basis
Multivitamin- make sure they have one, B12, Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg,
Cu- want to make sure these are included in the MV
specifically
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
IBD - Nutrition Interventions
During remission/rehabilitation
Maximize energy & protein
Weight gain and physical activity
Food sources of antioxidants, Omega-3s
Pro- and prebiotics- help gut flora become stronger
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Diverticulosis/diverticulitis – abnormal presence of
outpockets or pouches on surface of SI or
colon/inflammation of these pockets
In SI and/ or colon
Low fiber intake- when they have it/ crisis state
(minimize)
History of constipation
Increases inflammatory response
Other risks
Obese
Steroids- for other disease states
Alcohol/ caffeine
Cigarette smoking
Sedentary
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Diverticulosis- do instruction then/diverticulitis
pathophysiology
Fecal matter trapped
Development of pouches
Diverticulitis- when matter is caught- bursts, GI
bleeding, fever, abdominal pain, increased WBC
count
Food stuff- caught, infection
Bleeding abscess, obstruction, fistula, perforation
Worse case scenarios
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Diverticulosis/-itis – Treatment/ Nutrition Therapy
Specific focus on fiber- increase when not in crisis
Pro- and prebiotic supplementation- help gut flora
Acute- it is, NBO, bowel rest
Antibiotics given to help inflammation
Surgical resection
Pathophysiology: Lower GI Tract
Diverticulosis/-itis – Nutrition Therapy
-osis
Avoid nuts, seeds, hulls- could get caught (may not be of a
concern, new research?)
Fiber supplement (35 + 6 TO 10 grams) need some type of
supplement
-itis
Bowel rest, clear liquids
Avoid nuts, seeds, fibrous vegetables- want low fiber if they
are able to eat at all