Transcript consciousness

States of
Consciousness
Waking Consciousness
 Consciousness
 our
awareness of
ourselves and
our
environments
Sleep and Dreams
 Biological Rhythms
 periodic physiological fluctuations
 Circadian Rhythm
 the biological clock
 regular bodily rhythms that occur on
a 24-hour cycle, such as of
wakefulness and body temperature
Sleep and Dreams
 REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
 recurring sleep stage
 vivid dreams
 “paradoxical sleep”
 muscles are generally relaxed, but
other body systems are active
 Sleep
 periodic, natural, reversible loss of
consciousness
Sleep and Dreams
 Measuring sleep activity
Brain Waves and
Sleep Stages
 Alpha Waves
 slow waves of a
relaxed, awake
brain
 Delta Waves
 large, slow waves
of deep sleep
 Hallucinations
 false sensory
experiences
Stages in a Typical
Night’s Sleep
Awake
Sleep
stages
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
Hours of sleep
5
6
7
Stages in a Typical
Night’s Sleep
Minutes
of
Stage 4
and
REM
Decreasing
Stage 4
25
20
15
Increasing
REM
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
Hours of sleep
6
7
8
Sleep Deprivation
 Effects of Sleep Loss
 fatigue
 impaired
concentration
 depressed immune
system
 greater
vulnerability to
accidents
Sleep Deprivation
Less sleep,
more accidents
Accident
frequency
More sleep,
fewer accidents
2,800
2,700
4,200
2,600
4000
2,500
3,800
2,400
3,600
Spring time change
(hour sleep loss)
Monday before time change
Fall time change
(hour sleep gained)
Monday after time change
Sleep Disorders
 Insomnia
 persistent problems in falling or
staying asleep
 Narcolepsy
 uncontrollable sleep attacks
 Sleep Apnea
 temporary cessation of breathing
 momentary re-awakenings
Night Terrors and
Nightmares
Sleep
stages
Awake
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hours of sleep
7
 Night Terrors
 occur within 2
or 3 hours of
falling asleep,
usually during
Stage 4
 high arousal-appearance of
being terrified
Dreams: Freud
 Dreams
 sequence of images, emotions, and
thoughts passing through a sleeping
person’s mind
 hallucinatory imagery
 discontinuities
 incongruities
 delusional acceptance of the content
 difficulties remembering
Dreams: Freud
 Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of
Dreams (1900)
 wish fulfillment
 discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelings
 Manifest Content
 remembered story line
 Latent Content
 underlying meaning
Dreams
 As Information Processing
 helps facilitate memories
 REM Rebound
 REM sleep increases following
REM sleep deprivation
Early Beliefs
Dreams were believed to be omens from God or the gods
Sigmund Freud
Dreams are the Royal Road to the unconscious and a place for Wish
fulfillment.
Carl Jung
Dreams are an expression of the personal unconscious through the
archetypes of the collective unconscious.
Alfred Adler
Dreams were a way of addressing our insecurities. In a dream we can
safely face things that would otherwise scare us.
Calvin Hall
Dreams contain maps which the dreamer follows to anticipate
difficulties and obstacles. He also thought that meaningful predictions
can be made about the dreamer's behavior and lifestyle
Edgar Cayce
Through dreaming, people are given access to their spirit, and further,
that all possible questions could be answered from the inner
consciousness given the proper awareness
Ann Faraday
Dreams are warnings of something about to happen
Allan Hobson /
Robert McCarley
Francis Crick/
Mitchinson
Dreaming is a simple and unimportant by-product of random
stimulation of brain cells activated during REM sleep.
Dreaming is like a computer in that it was "off-line" during dreaming.
During this phase, the brain supposedly sifts through information
gathered throughout the day and throws out all unwanted material.
Sleep Across the
Lifespan
Hypnosis
 a social interaction in which one
person (the hypnotist) suggests to
another (the subject) that certain
perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or
behaviors will spontaneously occur
 Posthypnotic Amnesia
 supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis
 induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
Hypnosis
 Unhypnotized
persons can
also do this
Hypnosis
 Orne & Evans (1965)
 control group instructed to
“pretend”
 unhypnotized subjects performed
the same acts as the hypnotized
ones
Hypnosis
 Posthypnotic Suggestion
 suggestion to be carried out after
the subject is no longer hypnotized
 used by some clinicians to control
undesired symptoms and behaviors
Hypnosis
 Dissociation
 a split in consciousness
 allows some thoughts and behaviors
to occur simultaneously with others
 Hidden Observer
 Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized
subject’s awareness of experiences,
such as pain, that go unreported
during hypnosis
Explaining Hypnosis
Near-Death Experiences
 Near-Death
Experience
 an altered state of
consciousness
reported after a
close brush with
death
 often similar to
drug-induced
hallucinations
Near-Death Experiences
 Dualism
 the presumption that mind and
body are two distinct entities that
interact
 Monism
 the presumption that mind and
body are different aspects of the
same thing
Drugs and
Consciousness
 Psychoactive Drug
 a chemical substance that alters
perceptions and mood
 Physical Dependence
 physiological need for a drug, marked
by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
 Psychological Dependence
 a psychological need to use a drug
Dependence and
Addiction
Big
effect
Drug
effect
Response to
first exposure
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Little
effect
Small
 Tolerance
 diminishing effect
with regular use
 Withdrawal
 discomfort and
distress that
follow
discontinued use
Large
Drug dose
Psychoactive Drugs
 Depressants
 drugs that reduce neural activity
 slow body functions
 alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
 Stimulants
 drugs that excite neural activity
 speed up body functions
 caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines,
cocaine
Psychoactive Drugs
 Hallucinogens
 psychedelic (mind-manifesting)
drugs that distort perceptions
and evoke sensory images in
the absence of sensory input
LSD
Psychoactive Drugs
 Barbiturates
 drugs that depress the
activity of the central
nervous system, reducing
anxiety but impairing
memory and judgement
Psychoactive Drugs
 Opiates
 opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin)
 opiates depress neural
activity, temporarily
lessening pain and anxiety
Psychoactive Drugs
 Amphetamines
 drugs that stimulate neural
activity, causing speededup body functions and
associated energy and
mood changes
Cocaine Euphoria and
Crash
Psychoactive Drugs
 Ecstasy (MDMA)
 synthetic stimulant and mild
hallucinogen
 both short-term and long-term
health risks
 THC
 the major active ingredient in
marijuana
Psychoactive Drugs
 LSD
 lysergic acid diethylamide
 a powerful hallucinogenic drug
 also known as acid
Psychoactive Drugs
Trends in Drug Use
80%
High school
seniors
reporting
drug use
70
60
50
Alcohol
40
Marijuana/
hashish
30
20
Cocaine
10
0
1975 ‘77 ‘79
‘81
‘83
‘85
‘87 ‘89
Year
‘91 ‘93
‘95
‘97 ‘99
Perceived Marijuana
Risk
100%
Percent
of
twelfth
graders
Perceived “great risk of
harm” in marijuana use
90
80
70
60
50
40
Used marijuana
30
20
10
0
‘75
‘77
‘79 ‘81 ‘83
‘85
‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93
Year
‘95 ‘97 ‘99