Transcript Energy lasts forever

Driving question:
How do decomposers grow and
function?
Activity 1: Explaining What Happens
When Mushrooms Grow
Three types of decomposers
One common decomposer: Fungi
Another decomposer – Invertebrates
Crucial decomposers: bacteria and microscopic fungi
Are decomposers more like plants or
more like animals?
Kind of Organism
Changes in Mass
Changes in CO2
Plants growing in the light Plants gain more mass
than the soil loses, so
plants and soil combined
gain mass
Plants in the light absorb
CO2 from the air
Growing animals (e.g.,
mealworms, cows,
people)
Animals add CO2 to the
air when they breathe
Bread mold (your
investigation)
Animals gain less mass
than their food loses, so
animals and food
combined lose mass
???
???
The structure of mushroom
cap
gill
stem
hypha
mycelium
Are mushroom plants?
The Movement Question: How do mushrooms grow?
How can mushrooms digest food without
digestive systems?
Materials in Mushrooms and their
Food Sources
What is in DEAD
PLANTS (SPINACH)?
What is in
MUSHROOMS?
Food Polymers in Dead Plants
Cellulose
Plant protein
…and many other polymers
Mushroom Polymers
Starch
Mushroom
protein
…and many other polymers
Question: How can mushrooms make their
polymers from plant polymers?
Activity 2: Modeling Digestion
and Biosynthesis
How can a fungus digest food without
a digestive system?
Matter movement for digestion at macroscopic scale
scales
Large scale
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Atomic
molecular
Analyzing
Matter
Process
Matter Movement
Material identity
Digestion
Biosynthesis
All
Energy
Cellular respiration
Energy transformation
Blank
Digesting OUTSIDE the Body
• Fungi can break down polymers (large organic
molecules) OUTSIDE their bodies
• The cells in the hyphae send out digestive
enzymes that break the polymer into
monomers (small organic molecules)
• The small monomers then can enter the cells
of the hyphae and travel through the
mycelium
Materials needed for the paperclip
modeling activity
Carbohydrate
monomer:
Protein
monomers:
Mushroom
poster
20 paperclips to
make bonds
between
monomers:
Build Food Molecules
Step 1: Build PROTEIN molecules by linking 5
amino acid monomers. There are different
amino acids (3 types of cards) and when
combined in different ways you get different
protein molecules. (Plants have 20 different
amino acids.)
Step 2: One type of carbohydrate is cellulose,
also called fiber. Build a FIBER molecule by
making a chain of 6 glucose molecules.
Digest Food Molecules
Step 1: Digest PROTEIN molecules by breaking
the protein into individual amino acids.
Step 2: People cannot digest FIBER (cellulose)
molecules, but some fungi can digest fiber.
Digest cellulose molecules by breaking the chain
of glucose molecules into individual glucose
molecules
Digested Monomers
Matter movement for digestion at atomic-molecular scale
Large scale
scales
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Click to see
animation
Atomic
molecular
Analyzing
Matter
Process
Matter Movement
Material identity
Digestion
Biosynthesis
All
Energy
Cellular respiration
Energy transformation
Blank
Matter movement for digestion at microscopic scale
sugar
Large scale
scales
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Atomic
molecular
Analyzing
Matter
Process
Matter Movement
Material identity
Digestion
Biosynthesis
All
Energy
Cellular respiration
Energy transformation
Blank
How do fungi digest dead plants?
Where are atoms moving to?
Where are atoms moving from?
Chemical change
What molecules are carbon atoms in before the change?
What other molecules are involved?
What forms of energy are in the reactants?
What molecules are carbon atoms in after the change?
What other molecules are produced?
What forms of energy are in the products?
Remember: Atoms last forever (so you can rearrange atoms into new molecules,
but can’t add or subtract atoms)
Energy lasts forever (so you can change forms of energy, but energy units can’t
appear or go away)
The Movement Question: Show on your poster how the
monomers can move through the mycelium to the mushroom.
Matter movement for biosynthesis at macroscopic scale
scales
Large scale
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Atomic
molecular
Analyzing
Matter
Process
Matter Movement
Material identity
Digestion
Biosynthesis
All
Energy
Cellular respiration
Energy transformation
Blank
Build a Mushroom
Step 1: Build PROTEIN molecules
by linking 5 amino acid monomers.
You can make a different protein by combining
the amino acids in a different order.
Step 2: Build STARCH molecules by
linking glucose monomers.
What is in
MUSHROOMS?
Mushroom Polymers
Starch
Mushroom
protein
…and many other polymers
Matter transformation for protein synthesis at atomic-molecular scale
Large scale
scales
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Click to see
animation
Atomic
molecular
Analyzing
Matter
Process
Matter Movement
Material identity
Digestion
Biosynthesis
All
Energy
Cellular respiration
Energy transformation
Blank
How do fungi make a mushroom?
Where are atoms moving to?
Where are atoms moving from?
Chemical change
What molecules are carbon atoms in before the change?
What other molecules are involved?
What forms of energy are in the reactants?
What molecules are carbon atoms in after the change?
What other molecules are produced?
What forms of energy are in the products?
Remember: Atoms last forever (so you can rearrange atoms into new molecules,
but can’t add or subtract atoms)
Energy lasts forever (so you can change forms of energy, but energy units can’t
appear or go away)
Activity 3: Cellular Respiration in
Decomposers
Identify where chemical energy is
located (atomic molecular scale):
• Which molecules have chemical energy?
Molecules in
dead plants:
Example:
CELLULOSE
Digested
monomers in
fungus:
Example:
AMINO ACID
Example:
SUGARS
Molecules in
mushroom:
Example:
STARCH
Matter movement for cellular respiration at macroscopic scale
scales
Large scale
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Atomic
molecular
Analyzing
Matter
Process
Matter Movement
Material identity
Digestion
Biosynthesis
All
Energy
Cellular respiration
Energy transformation
Blank
Matter movement for cellular respiration at atomic-molecular scale
Large scale
scales
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Click to see
animation
Atomic
molecular
Analyzing
Matter
Process
Matter Movement
Material identity
Digestion
Biosynthesis
All
Energy
Cellular respiration
Energy transformation
Blank
How do mushroom cells get energy?
Where are atoms moving to?
Where are atoms moving from?
Chemical change
What molecules are carbon atoms in before the change?
What other molecules are involved?
What forms of energy are in the reactants?
What molecules are carbon atoms in after the change?
What other molecules are produced?
What forms of energy are in the products?
Remember: Atoms last forever (so you can rearrange atoms into new molecules,
but can’t add or subtract atoms)
Energy lasts forever (so you can change forms of energy, but energy units can’t
appear or go away)
Writing a Chemical Equation
• Chemists use chemical equations to show how atoms of
reactant molecules are rearranged to make product
molecules
• Writing the equation in symbols: Chemists use an arrow to
show how reactants change into products:
[reactant molecule formulas] product molecule formulas]
• Saying it in words: Chemists read the arrow as “yield” or
“yields:”
[reactant molecule names] yield [product molecule names]
• Equations must be balanced: Atoms last forever, so
reactant and product molecules must have the same
number of each kind of atom
• Try it: can you write a balanced chemical equation to show
the chemical change when animals move (use energy)?
Chemical equation for cellular
respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O
(in words: sugar reacts with oxygen
to yield carbon dioxide and water)
The end