3.Acute Diarrhoea Management in Children
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Transcript 3.Acute Diarrhoea Management in Children
MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE
DIARRHOEA IN CHILDREN
Dr.B.Anjaiah, MD., DCh.,
Director, RIMS, Ongole
INVESTIGATIONS
STOOLMacroscopy
Microscopy- WBC>10/hpf
Ova,cysts,throphozoites
Hanging drop
C/S for shigella & salmonella
BLOODCBC
Electrolytes, creatinine,BUN
C/S
MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
SUPPORTIVE TREATMENT
PREVENTION
HAF
Good liquids without
salt
-clean water
-unsalted rice water
-unsalted yoghurt
drinks
-coconut water
-weak tea
-unsweatened fresh
fruit juice
Good liquids with
salt
-ORS
-Salted soup
-salted yoghurt
drinks
-salted rice water
DO NOT GIVE
Soft drinks
Sweetened tea
Sweet fruit juices
coffee
TREATMENT
CORNERSTONE of Rx
ORT
ORT
ORS
Solution made from sugar &salt
Food based solutions
Continued feeding
PLAN A
(NO DEHYDRATION)
Rule 1 --- Fluids
- HAF,SSS
Rule 2 --- Zn supplementation
Rule 3 --- continued feeding
Rule 4 --- return to clinic
Rule 1 --- Fluids
WHO Guidelines
AGE
<6 mon
QUANTITY WITH
EACH STOOL
50 ml(1 cup)
7 mon – 2 yrs
50-100 ml
2 yrs- 5 yrs
100-200ml
Older child
As much as they
take
ORS is optional in
PLAN A
Rule 2 --- Zn supplementation
Improves immune function
Improves intestinal permeability
Regulation of intestinal water & electrolyte
transport & brush border enzymatic
function
Intestinal tissue repair
Rule 2 --- Zn supplementation
<6 mon ---- 1/2 tab / day
>6 mon ---- 1 tab / day
for 10 – 14 days
Rule 3 --- continued feeding
< 6 mon - breast / top fed
Older children – cereals & beans,
meat & fish , oil, dairy products &
eggs, fruit juices & bananas
What is the use of continued
feeding?
Rule 4 --- return to clinic
When the child
-passes many stools
-very thirsty
-sunken eyes
-fever
-does not eat/drink normally
PLAN B
(Some dehydration)
AGE
Weight
ORS
Glass
< 4 mon
<5 kgs
200-400 ml
1-2
4-11mon
5-8 kgs
400-600 ml
2-3
12-23 mon 8-11 kgs
600-800 ml
3-4
2-4 yrs
11-16 kgs
800-1200 ml 4-6
5-14 yrs
16-30 kgs
1200-2200ml 6-11
>15 yrs
>30 kgs
>2200 ml
12-20
ORS given at 75 ml / kg over 4 hrs
Continue breast feeding
100-200 ml of water + ORS (in those
who are not breastfed)
REASSESS after 4 hrs
Signs of dehydration
NIL
PERSISTS
SEVERE
--- follow
- PLAN A
- PLAN B
- PLAN C
PLAN C
(Severe dehydration)
AGE
First give
30 ml / kg in
< 1 year
1 hour
> 1 year
30 min
Then give
70 ml / kg in
5 hrs
2 ½ hrs
TYPE OF FLUID
BEST
----- RL
IDEAL ----- RL + 5% D
IF RL not available ---- NS
INDICATIONS FOR IV FLUIDS
Severe dehydration with/with out shock
Persistent vomiting(>3/hr)
Failure to correct / worsening of dehydration on
ORT
High purge rate
Failure of acceptance of ORS in dehydrated child
Abdominal distension
Deranged sensorium
GUIDELINES for the total amount
of fluids to be replaced in some &
severe dehydration
Usual fluid
Deficit
(ml/kg)
Deficit
fluid
replaced
(ml/kg)
Maintainence
fluid required
in 8 hrs
(ml/kg)
Total amount of IV
fluids for correction
of dehydration to be
given in 8 hrs
(ml/kg)
Some
70-100
50
50
100
Severe
120-180ml
100
50
150
CONTINUATION OF IVF AFTER
CORRECTION OF DEHYDRATION
Children - >3 mon N/4 NS
-<3 mon N/6 NS
Maintenance fluids must contain K+
in the con of 20 meq/l
TYPE OF FLUID GIVEN AS
REHYDRATION THERAPY
Initial fluid of choice-N/2 NS(1 PART
OF ISOTONIC SALINE+1 PART 5%
DEXTROSE)
Isotonic saline & RL - severe
dehydration
->6y high purge
rate
Start ORS -5ml/kg/hr when child able
to drink
what to do if IV LINE not accessible?
Reasses after 1-2 hrs
COMPLICATIONS
Dehydration
Dyselectrolytaemia
Precipitation of malnutrition
Secondary lactose intolerence
Persistent diarrhoea
HUS
DIC
Cortical vein thrombosis
HYPONATRAEMIA
Severe-<125meq/l
Clinical features
Deranged sensorium&convulsions
Diminished urine output
Correction-N/2 NS (or) RL [Na-125-135]
-3N NS [Na-<125]
Amount of Na required=Na deficit x
0.6 x wt
Half of it corrected as 3N over ½-1hr
Remaining corrected as RL (or) N/2
NS slowly
HYPERNATRAEMIA
Etiology
Clinical features
Usual signs of dehydration are absent
Management
If in shock-20-30ml/kg RL
Confirm hypernatraemia
Give N/3 NS in maintenance amounts
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
Etiology
Clinical features-deep fast breathing with plasma
HCO3 <15 meq/lit
Management
Amount of NaHCO3=
HCO3 deficit x 0.6 x wt
(OR)
3ml/kg of 7.5% NaHCO3 diluted
6 times 5% Dextrose [total of
20ml/kg] over 30-60 min
HYPOKALEMIA
Serum K- <3 Meq/l
Clinical features
Management- ORS
-K rich food
Oral potassium supplementation
-2meq/kg/d in PEM
WHO Formula
gm/ lit
component Mmol/lit
NaCl
3.5
Na
90
KCl
1.5
K
20
Tri sodium 2.9
citrate
Glucose
20
Cl
80
Citrate
10
water
Glucose
111
1Lit
Various measures to reduce Na
Lower Na content in ORS
Alternating breast milk and ORS(2:1)
Diluting ORS in 1.5 lit of water
Limitations of ORS
Does not decrease the
volume
frequency
severity of diarrhoea
Does not stop diarrhoea
IMPROVED
ORS
Should reduce amount & rate of
purging
Should stop diarrhoea
Should provide nutritional support
(SUPER ORS)
FORMULATIONS
Amino acid Glycine / L-alanine / Lglutamine added to glucose ORS
Decreasing conc. Of glucose & sodium
Cooked cereal powder esp. rice to
replace glucose
Combining glucose polymers & AA’s
to replace glucose
Polymers like maltodextrine to
replace glucose
CEREAL baesed ORS
50 gm/lit of cooked rice added to salt
ADVANTAGES?
REDUCED OSMOLARITY ORS
Principle?
Gms/lit
Mmol/lit
NaCl
2.6
Na
75
Glucose
13.5
Cl
65
KCl
1.5
Glucose
75
Tri Na cit
2.9
K
20
Citrate
10
Osm
245
Amylase resistant starch in ORS
Add 50 gm/lit of starch to standard
glucose ORS
Increases absorption efficiency
ReSoMal
Component
Glucose
Na
K
Cl
Citrate
Mg
Zn
Cu
Osmolarity
Standard ORS
111 mmol/lit
90
20
80
10
311
ReSoMal
125mmol/lit
45
40
70
7
3
0.3
0.045
300
DRUG THERAPY
SHIGELLA
Cotrimoxazole(5d)
CHOLERA
Tetracycline/ Doxy
(3-5d)
(1dose)
AEROMONAS
cotrimoxazole
ETEC & EPEC
-do-
Campylobacter
Erythromycin(5-7d)
Clostridium difficile
Giardiasis
Vancomycin/
metronidazole
Ampicillin/
Cefotaxime(5-7d)
Metronidazole(5d)
Amoebiasis
Metronidazole(7-10d)
Salmonella
RACECADORTIL
Mode of action
Comparing with Loperamide
MULTIVITAMINS
Vit A- on day 1,2 and 14
Folic acid- 5 mg on day 1 then 1mg/d
for 2 wks
Other vitamins and trace elements
double the maintanance dose
MICRONUTRIENTS
Potassium-5-6 meq/kg/d for few days
2-3 meq/kg/d orally for 2wks
MgSO4-0.2ml/kg
Zinc-10 mg for 2wks
Copper-0.3 mg/kg/d
Iron
PROBIOTICS IN DIARRHOEA
Viable microbial supplements / live
microorganisms given to confer
beneficial health effects on the
growth of the host
Lactobacillus acidophilus/ L.casei
Bifidobacterium
Streptococcus thermophilius
Saccharomyces
PREBIOTICS IN DIARRHOEA
Food ingredients or part of bacteria
largely undergraded in small bowel
and can beneficially affect the host by
stimulating colonic bacteria
Lactulose alfa disaccharide
Fructo-oligosaccharide
In some vegetables and fruits
USES OF PRE/PROBIOTICS
Establishes normal microbial flora
Enhancement of immunity
Nutritioal benefits-vit B Production
-improved digestibility
-body growth
MECHANISMS OF ACTION
Competing for receptor sites
Growth inhibition
Immune modulation
Production of short chain fatty acids
Modification of toxin receptors
Disaccharidases
Decreases permeability
DIARROEA IN PEM
Clinical features
MANAGEMENT
Mild to moderate-ORS 70-100 ml/kg
over 6-12 hrs
Severe – N/2 NS+5%D 30ml/kg – 2hr
-N/6 NS+5%D 10ml/kg- 10hr
-N/6 NS+5%D 5ml/kg/hr –12hr
MAINTENANCE FLUIDS-N/6 NS in 5% D
-75-100 ml/kg/d
NUTRITION IN PEM
The goal – 150-200 kcal
-3-4g protein
-6-8 feeds
Micronutrients & multi vitamins
Trace elements