Transcript Biochemistry

Objectives:
Identify basic properties of water
Identify macromolecules
Catalyst: Draw a water molecule
and label the charges. What
does it mean to be polar?
Abiotic – nonliving factors
Biotic – living factors
abiotic
biotic
What allows
this drop of
water to
hang there
without
falling?
Water is Magical!!!
Polarity – POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
ENDS
Water is Magical!!!
Adhesion – water sticks to other
substances (a for adhere)
Cohesion – water molecules stick together
(c for couple)
Capillary Action – combination of cohesion
and adhesion allow for water to move up
plant stems
SOL QUICKIE!!!!
Hydrogen Bonding in Water
• Attraction
between
positive end of
one water
molecule and
negative end
of another
water molecule
Water as Universal Solvent
Solute – what’s being dissolved (ex: salt)
Solvent – does the dissolving (usually
water)
Universal solvent
Due to having positive and negative sides
any atom with a positive or negative charge
can bond with water
Chemical nutrients can be dissolved and
carried throughout the body
Hydrophobic vs.
Hydrophile
Hydrophobic – hates water (phobia =
fear)
Example – oil and water not mixing
Hydrophile – loves water
Part of the cell membrane
Interesting fact: Soap has a hydrophilic
head and a hydrophobic tail which allows
it to dissolve in both waters and oils,
therefore allowing the soap to clean a
Density of Water
1 gram per cubic centimeter
Greater than 1 – sink
Less than 1 -- float
Specific Heat
 Water has a high specific heat index - can absorb a lot
of heat before it begins to get hot.
 Water promotes homeostasis by preventing large
fluctuations in temperature
 This is why water is valuable to industries and in your
car's radiator as a coolant. The high specific heat index
of water also helps regulate the rate at which air
changes temperature, which is why the temperature
change between seasons is gradual rather than sudden,
especially near the oceans.
pH Scale
An acid is a
substance that
ionizes in water to
give hydrogen ions
+
(H )
A base is a
substance that
ionizes in water to
give hydroxide ions
(OH )
Review – Drawing a Water
Molecule
Capillary action
• Capillary Action – combination of cohesion
and adhesion allow for water to move up
plant stems
SPONCH!!!!
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Vital elements
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Sulfur
Phosphorous
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
We’ve got a little song to remember this
PHOSPHOROUS

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If you ain't got no bio love take yo‘ stinky butt home
If you ain't got no bio love take yo‘ stinky butt home
P-H-O-S-P-H-O-R-O-U-S, yeah P-H-O-S-P-H-O-R-O-U-S
[B-Section:]
We're flyin' first class
Up in the sky
Poppin' notes
Livin' my life
In the fast lane
And I wont change
By the Phosphorous, oh the flossy flossy
[Chorus:]
The phosphorous,
The phosphorous, phosphorous
By the phosphorous, oh the flossy flossy
Carbon Chemistry
• Let’s see the sheet!!!
Time for
MACROMOLECULES!!!
•
•
•
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
• Chart time! Then LAB!!!
Carbohydrates Components
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
Carbohydrates - Examples
• Monosaccharides – glucose
• Disaccharides – sucrose, lactose
• Polysaccharides – starch, glycogen,
cellulose
• Remember: mono = one, di = two, poly
= many
• Plants use starch to store glucose,
animals use glycogen to store glucose
Carbohydrates - Purposes
• Carbohydrates are sugars and are the
key to metabolism.
• Identify sugars by their ending in –ose.
Carbohydrates – Misc.
• Dehydration synthesis – formation of
disaccharide from two
monosaccharides
• Synthesis – brings together
• Dehydration – take a water molecule
out
Carbohydrates
(and beyond …)
• Glucose is the preferred energy
source for the brain. Brain
function drops off sharply if
glucose is in short supply.
• PET scans can detect areas of
glucose usage and can show brain
damage following trauma or
drug use.
• The breakdown of glucose for
energy can be traced all the way
Lipids - Components
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• 3 fatty acids and one glycerol molecule
Lipids - Examples
• Fats, waxes, and steroids.
• Phospholipids make up all cell
membranes
Lipids - Purposes
• Non-polar and do not dissolve in water.
• Lipids store energy and are the basis for
steroid hormone synthesis.
Lipids – Misc.
• Most common fats
– Triglycerides
– UnSaturated fats
• Usually plant fats (double bonds between
carbons)
– saturated fats
• Usually animal fats (single bonds between
Carbons)
• Waxes
• Steroids
Lipids
(and beyond …)
• Phospholipids make up all
cell membranes and play a
large role in determining
what gets in and out of the
cell.
• Hydrophilic and
hydrophobic regions give
phosopholipids their
unique properties.
Proteins - Components
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• Linked chains of amino acids
– (20 different groups in different orders)
– Like alphabet making words
Proteins - Examples
• Most abundant macromolecule
• Most catalysts are made of protein.
• Key structural elements of:
– Cells, skin, muscle, blood, fur
Proteins - Purposes
• Proteins are the cell’s molecular
machinery.
• Proteins are synthesized by the
ribosome from a code made of RNA.
Proteins – Misc.
• Dipeptide – two amino acids
• Polypeptide – three amino acids
• Proteins are made of one or more
polypeptides
• Dehydration synthesis again!!!
Proteins
(and beyond …)
• Proteins gain their function from the
way they fold.
• Proteins act as catalysts by lowering
activation energy.
• Hemoglobin transports oxygen to all
tissues and is made of 4 dimers.
• Many proteins use minerals such as
calcium or iron to aid in their function.
Nucleic Acids –
Components
• Made up of repeating units called
nucleotides
– Five carbon sugar
– Phosphate group
– Nitrogenous base
Nucleic Acids – Examples
• There are two types of nucleic acids:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
Ribonucleic Acids (RNA).
Nucleic Acids – Purposes
• Store genetic information
• Code for protein synthesis
Nucleic Acids – Misc.
• None
Enzymes
• This reaction
normally
happens
(black), but is
catalyzed by
the enzyme
(red). The
Activation
energy to start
the reaction is
lowered!!!!!
Endothermic
• Energy of products is higher than
energy of reactant
• Feels Cold!!! It sucks up the heat from
environment.
Exothermic
• Energy of products is lower than energy
of reactant
• Feels Hot!!! It gives off heat from the
reaction.
Enzymes
• Enzymes act as catalysts
which speed up the rate of
a reaction.
Enzymes
• This reaction
normally
happens (black),
but is catalyzed
by the enzyme
(red). The
Activation
energy to start
the reaction is
lowered!!!!!
Lock and Key Theory
• SIDEBOARD
• SAY HI TO FISH! 
Effects on Enzyme
Activity
• Rate of Enzyme Activity is influenced by:
– Substrate concentration (more substrate = more
activity until saturation)
– Temperature (higher temperature = more activity until
the enzyme’s protein denatures)
Effects on Enzyme
Activity
• Rate of Enzyme Activity is influenced by:
– pH (usually in range of 6-8 for humans)
Acidic
Stomach
Alkaline
Intestine
– Inhibitors (reduce activity by binding or changing
shape of active sites)
Water Activities

Forming PODS
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Follow Mr. G’s directions
You must name your POD
Water activities – 25 points credit
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Lab Manager Assistance
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Petri Dishes distributed
Glass slides
One napkin / paper towel
2 beakers to everyone
Autrophs vs. Heterotrophs
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Autotrophs
 Organisms
that acquire energy by making
their own food. Plants and certain unicellular
organisms are autotrophs.
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Heterotrophs
 Organisms
that gain energy by eating other
organisms are called heterotrophs. Some
unicellular organisms, as well as all animals
and fungi, are heterotrophs.
Living things run
on batteries.
THE WEB OF LIFE
Sun
Photosynthesis
Glucose + O2
Plants
(autotrophs)
CO2 + H20
Process by which
cells make ATP
Cellular
Respiration
Plants and
Animals
(heterotrophs)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
process by which light
energy is converted to
chemical energy (glucose)
that life forms can use
Cellular
Respiration
Process by which
cells make ATP
Comparison of
Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts
Both have a large amount of internal membrane
surface area.
Both have their own ribosomes.
Both have their own genomes.
Both produce a large amount of ATP.
Both derive energy for ATP synthesis from H+
pumps.
Breaking down
glucose….
Occurs in
No
plants and Oxygen
animals
Present
Fermentation
(anaerobic)
Lactic
Acid
Alcohol
Glycolysis
2 ATP
Oxygen
Present
Aerobic
Respiration
38 ATP
Breaking down
glucose….
Glycolysis
2 ATP
-It is the opposite of photosynthesis
-Takes place in the cytoplasm.
-Forms 2 molecules of ATP (energy source)
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O
BUT DON’T WE
NEED MORE
THAN 2
ATP????!!!!??!?!
Breaking down
glucose….
Glycolysis
If there is oxygen…
We go through a
bunch of complex
chemical interactions
including the Krebs
cycle, and we make a
total of 38 ATP
molecules
2 ATP
Oxygen
Present
Aerobic
Respiration
38 ATP
WHAT IF WE AIN’T GOT
NO OXYGEN MR. G?????
Breaking down
glucose….
Glycolysis
2 ATP
Occurs in
No
plants and Oxygen
animals
Present
Fermentation
(anaerobic)
Lactic
Acid
Alcohol
Gives us 2 more
ATP
FERMENTATION— allows
cells to carry out energy
production in the absence of
oxygen
2 Types of Fermentation
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION—occurs
in most species when body can’t supply
enough oxygen. The lactic acid burns and
that is what you feel when you exercise.
 ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION—occurs in
yeasts and other microorganisms. Makes
beer, bread, cheese, etc.
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Chemical Version of Web of Life

Photosynthesis
+ H2O + Light  C6H12O6 + 602
 Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light  Glucose +
Oxygen
 6CO2

Cellular Respiration (Exact Opposite)
+ 602 6CO2 + H2O
 Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water
 C6H12O6
THIS CYCLE NEVER ENDS!!!
Comparison of
Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts
Both have a large amount of internal membrane
surface area.
Both have their own ribosomes.
Both have their own genomes.
Both produce a large amount of ATP.
Both derive energy for ATP synthesis from H+
pumps.
Ready??
Open Notes Quiz
Diabetes
 Insulin
– helps take glucose from blood
into cells and start cellular respiration
 Type 1
– Children and young adults
– Beta cells in pancreas do not make insulin
b/c body’s immune system has attacked and
destroyed them
 Type
2
– Either body doesn’t produce enough insulin
or cells ignore insulin. Cells become starved
for energy & high glucose levels hurt your
eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart
KWL CHART
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What we know about Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration
 Photosynthesis: how plants make energy
 Cellular Respiration: cell makes ATP
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What we want to know about
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
 How
does it work?
Light versus Dark Reaction: Chlorophyll
 Glycolysis
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 How
long it takes? The different types of
processes?
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What we learned to know about
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Pretend time
We are going to create life….
 All we have is a big SUN…
 We make plants… they use
photosynthesis to produce glucose and
oxygen.
 The plants need to eat so they use
glycolysis to access the energy… this is
the start of cellular respiration.
 We create animals… they eat plants.
They need energy so they breakdown the
glucose that plants give them by cellular
respiration
 The animals give off carbon dioxide and
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