Transcript Standard II test review Cells

Standard II test review
Cells
Collecting information by Field
observations
• One of the things you might
observe is birds on many different
islands. You may find that they
are flightless birds. Why?
• From collecting and organizing
data you may conclude that there
are no predators on these islands
so birds don’t need to fly.
What is an inference
• It is an assumption based on
an observation.
• For example, If I measure
the length of different fish in
one area of a stream. Which
of the following would be
an inference
• The fish are all 3 to 8 inches
• Most of the fish are less
than 6 inches
• Natural selection favors
lengths of 5 to 6 inches
Fill in the blanks . . .. . . .
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Organisms are composed of one or more . . . . . . .?
cells
Cells are made of . . . .
Molecules
Molecules are made of . . . . .
atoms
Cells are responsible for . . . .
Performing life functions
Cells come from . . . .
preexisting cells.
Put these words in order from smallest to
largest
Cells, atoms, molecule, organelle, organism,
organ, organ system, tissues.
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Atom
Molecule
organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
What are the 4 major elements of
life?
• CHON
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
• What are the six elements main elements
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CHONS P
(includes Sulfur and phosphorus)
What are the seven main elements
CHONS CaP
(includes calcium)
What are the four major
macromolecules?
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Fats (CHO) – Lipids, adipose
Proteins (CHON) – muscles and enzymes
Carbohydrates (CHO) - starch
Nucleic acids (CHON -) - DNA
How many Calories per gram?
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Fats
9 cal / gram
Proteins –
4
Carbohydrates –
4
What is diffusion?
• Something moves through a cell membrane
from high concentration to low
• Is this passive or active transport?
• Passive
• Diffusion through a selectively permeable
membrane helps to maintain . . . . . . .
• Homeostasis
What is Osmosis?
• Diffusion (movement) of water through a
selectively permeable membrane (from high
concentration to low)
• Is this active or passive transport?
• passive
What is active transport
• Something that needs help to get through a
membrane.
• What molecule usually helps it? (A word)
• ATP
• If there things are different on different sides of
the membrane, it is usually due to . . .
• Active transport
• Example brown algae that contain 200 times more
iodine than its surroundings.
What is homeostasis?
• A way to maintain a healthy internal environment (like
your thermostat).
• How does diffusion help with this?
• Stuff moves across a membrane until there is a balance on
each side.
• What else must maintain homeostasis???
• All organ systems – like what? . . .
• respiration – gas exchange,
• urinary – remove waste and control the amount of sodium
ions.
• blood – sugar and nutrients).
Name some animal cell organelles
• Nucleus – the boss – contains chromosomes and
DNA stuff.
• Mitochondria – energy guy (aerobic respiration
and ATP)
• Lysosome – suicide sack (digestive enzymes)
• Ribosomes – make protein
• Endoplasmic reticulum – hold Ribosomes
• Golgi – mail room (packaging and sorting)
Name 3 things that are special to
plants.
• Cell wall
• Chloroplasts – do photosynthesis
• Big vacuoles – store sap
What is the equation for
photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + Water
6 (C02)
6 (H20)
Oxygen Sugar
6 (02)
C6H1206
What is the equation for
CELLULAR respiration?
Oxygen
6 (02)
Sugar
C6H1206
Carbon
dioxide
6
(C02)
Water
6
(H20)
Fermentation
• When you make bread, you
add yeast and water and
some sugar. What makes
the bread rise?
• Yeast causes a gas to be
released.
• What is the gas? (hint it is
like respiration)
• Carbon dioxide
Fermentation continued
• If you want to know how the
amount of sugar affects the
rate of respiration of yeast in
water what type of experiment
might you do?
• make lots of bread and change
the amount of sugar to see how
big the bread will rise, what is
the independent variable?
• The amount of sugar
• What is the dependent
variable?
• How high the bread will rise.
What does an enzyme do to a
reaction?
• Increases the rate.
• Is it a protein, fat or
carbohydrate?
• Protein
What is a solute?
• Water (or some liquid) with stuff (like salt
or sugar) in it.
• What is the solvent?
• The water or the liquid stuff.
• Why is water a good solvent?
• Because it is polar.
What are proteins made of?
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Amino acids.
What is a monomer?
One unit of something (an amino acid)
What is a polymer?
Many monomers (a protein)
What is the job of a protein?
Structural use and enzyme formation
What is turgor pressure?
• Your celery gets crisp when you spray it
with water.
• What is plasmolysis?
• Just the opposite.
• Carbon dioxide moves into the leaves of a
plant by?
• Diffusion.
What is endocytosis?
• An amoeba takes its food in by surrounding
it.
• Is this active transport or passive transport?
• Active transport.
If the food particle was a dust
particle, what would happen?
What is happening
at #1 in the last
step?
Nothing it would stay as it
is in the first step.
The lysosome and
food vacuole are
joining to digest
the food particle.
Biological tools
• Compound microscopes – to see the outer
part of the cytoplasm (cell membrane) and
to see the nucleus
• Electron microscope – ER connects with the
nuclear membrane.
• Biological dyes – too see chromosomes
• Chemical analysis – Chromosomes are
made of DNA
The development of the cell
theory in the 1800s was made
possible by what?
• The microscope
Acid - Base
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pH 1 - 7 = ?
Acid
pH 7 = ?
Neutral
pH 7-14 = base (alkaline)
• What is a solute
• Something being dissolved
in something else
Water
(sugar, water)
• What is a solvent?
• Something that you are dissolving the stuff into
(like water)
• What are the solvent properties of water.
• Water has the ability to dissolve lots of stuff.
• Why is this cool for cells?
• It allows atoms to pass through the cell
membrane
What is blood made of?
• Blood has cells, dissolved gases, wastes
and nutrients in a fluid called plasma.
• What is the main component of plasma?
• Water
• Many vital materials can dissolve in
plasma. Why?
• Because of waters solvent properties.