cell physiology - people.vcu.edu
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CELL
PHYSIOLOGY
CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT
OF LIFE
CELL ORGANELLES
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
CELL ORGANELLES
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Microfilaments and microtubules
Vesicles
THE NUCLEUS
Site of DNA (In
chromosomes)
Enclosed by a
membrane
DNA REPLICATION
The double helix
“unzips”
New bases pair
up with the old
ones
The molecule
replicates itself
Two identical
copies each with
one old strand
and one new
RNA TRANSCRIPTION
Messenger RNA
“copies” from
DNA
m-RNA caries the
message to the
rough ER
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
Fluid filled membrane system
Rough ER: Protein Synthesis
Smooth ER: Synthesis of Lipids
Rough ER : Site of
Protein Synthesis
Rough ER contains ribosomes
M-RNA attaches to ribosome
A triplet of bases is a Codon
Transfer RNA has an anticodon at
one end and the appropriate amino
acid at the other
As the code is read, amino acids
are assembled into a protein
ER -> Golgi -> Secretion
Exocytosis
Vesicles fuse with the membrane
They open to the outside and
discharge their contents
MITOCHONDRIA
Extract Energy from Food Fuels
Energy is stored in ATP
Aerobic Metabolism
Anaerobic Metabolism
Sugar can be burned without
oxygen - anaerobically
Far more energy released from
burning sugar aerobically
Glycolysis is anaerobic-carried out
in cytosol
Glucose ----> 3 Carbon fragments
plus 2 ATP
Aerobic Metabolism
Pyruvic Acid (3 C fragment) enters
Mitochondria
Combines with Coenzyme A
loosing a CO2 and becoming Acetyl
Coenzyme A (2 C fragment)
This fragment enters a cyclic
reaction scheme, the Citric Acid
Cycle
Ultimately, 34 more ATP’s are
produced
THE CYTOSKELETON
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubular Lattice