Transcript The blood power point

The Blood
The blood is the body fluid to the tissues .
Color : arterial blood is Scarlet
venous blood is Dark red
Temperature of blood : 380c
Volume of blood : 5-6
Liters for males
4-5
Liters for females
Blood accounts for 7% of the body weight
Composition Of Blood
The blood is composes of liquid plasma &
formed elements .
The formed elements of blood are :
Erythrocytes =red blood cells ( RBCs )
Leukocytes =white blood cells ( WBCs )
Platelet
Blood = plasma + formed elements
Plasma= about
55% of
blood .
Formed elements
=
.RBCS
.WBCs
. Platelets
Hematocrite Value = PVC
The hematocrite value Is
the percentage of RBCs
out of the total blood
volume .
In male is 42-54 %
In female is 36-46 %
Blood Plasma
.90% of plasma is water ; the plasma contains the
following :
.Proteins : albumin ,globulin & clotting proteins
.Nutrients : Carbohydrate , amino acids & fatty acids
.Electrolytes : Sodium , Potassium , Calcium , Chloride
and bicarbonate .
.Waste Products : Urea , Creatinine & uric acid
.Gases : Oxygen ( O2 ) & Carbon dioxide ( CO2 )
The RBCs
RBCs are biconcave discs.
RBCs are a nucleated cells ( no nuclei )
RBCs are filled with hemoglobin ( Hb )
Hemoglobin is a protein that functions in gas transport .
The RBCs count is : 4.5 - 5.5 million/Ul
The life span of RBCs : 100 – 120 days
The diameter of RBC is about 7 micron
The Red Blood Cells : EM OF
RBCS
RBCs
Fate of RBCs : the old RBCs are engulfed
by the macrophages in the
spleen mainly.
Function of RBCs : respiratory gas transport
RBCs
Hemoglobin
The normal Hb concentration :
.13 – 18 g/dl in male
.12 – 15 g/dl in female
Hb is reversibly binds with Oxygen .
Oxyhemoglobin = Hb bounds to
Oxygen
oxygen loading occurs
in lungs .
Carbaminohemoglobin = Hb + CO2
occurs in tissues
Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis is the formation of RBCs.
Site : red bone marrow
Erythropoiesis is controlled by erythropoietin
hormone form the kidney; and depends on
adequate supplies of iron , amino acids &
vitamins .
Erythropoietin hormones
Erythropoietin hormone is secreted by the
kidney .
Erythropoietin hormone is triggered by hypoxia
.
Hypoxia may be due to :
. Decrease RBCs count
. Increase tissue demand for oxygen
. Decrease oxygen in the environment
Erythopoietin Hormone secretion :
Erythropoietin hormone
Anemia
Anemia is the decrease of Oxygen carrying capacity of
the blood .
Causes of anemia :
. Insufficient RBCs
.Decrease Hb content inside RBCs
.Abnormal Hb inside the RBCs
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is the excess of RBCs count.
Polycythemia leads to increase the blood viscosity ,
slow the blood flow and increase the risk of
thrombus formation .
Leukocytes ( WBCs )
WBCs defend the body against microbes & other foreign
materials .
WBCs are complete cells, they have nuclei .
WBCs count : 4000 – 10000 /mm3
Leukocytosis =WBCs count over
11,000/mm3
Leukopenia = WBCs count is less than
4000/mm2
The White Blood Cells
Types of WBCs
WBCs are 2 main types :
. Granulocytes : granules are present
inside the cytoplasm
. A granulocytes : cytoplasm without
granules .
WBCs
a.RBC
b.
b.lymphocyte
c. Neutrophil
d. eosinophil
The blood cells ( formed elements )
The Granulocytes
They are Neutrophils , Eosinophils &
Basophils .
All are phagocytes cells, they are larger than RBCs , they
contain cytoplasmic granules .
.Neutrophils :
Neutrophils are bacterial slayers. They account for 60 70% of WBCs.
They increase in bacterial infections .
The Eosinophils
Account for 1- 4 % of WBCs .
They have red granules ( acidophilic granules ).
Lead the body defense against parasitic infections .
Inactive some chemicals involved in allergy .
The Basophils
Account for 0.5% of WBCs .
They have
basophilic granules .
They produce
histamine that acts as a
vasodilator and attracts other WBCs .
The Agranulocytes
The agranulocytes have no cytoplasmic granules .
Agranulocytes are :
1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes
3. Macroghages
Agranuloctes : compared with RBC
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes account for about
25% of WBCS .
Lymphocytes are found in lymphoid tissues & some
circulate in blood .
Lymphocytes are 2 types : T- cells & B- cells
T-cells function in the immune response .
B-cells give plasma cells , which produce
antibodies .
Monocytes
Monocytes account for 4-8% of WBCS .
They are the largest of WBCs .
They leave the circulation and enter
the tissues to be differentiated into
Macrophages .
WBCs
Leukopoiesis
Leukopoiesis is the production of WBCs .
Leukopoiesis is hormonly stimulated by :
. Cytokines
.. Interleukins
…Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
Platelets
Platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes .
Platelets function in the clotting mechanism
by forming a temporary
plug . This plug
helps seal breaks in blood vessels .
Hemostasis
Hemostasis
During hemostasis , three phases occur :
1.Vascular spasm:
immediate
vasoconstriction in
response to injury .
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation ( Blood Clotting )
ABO Blood Groups
The ABO blood groups includes
antibodies.
2 antigens & 2
The antigens are present on
the surface of the RBCs .
The antibodies are in the plasma
as anti- A & anti- B .
ABO Blood Groups
Blood
Group
Antigen in
RBCs
Antibodies
in Plasma
O
No
A
A antigens
Anti-A &
anti-B
Anti-B
B
B antigens
Anti-A
AB
Antigens A &
B
No
The Blood Groups
Transfusion reactions :
Transfusion reactions occur when
mismatched blood is infused .
The donor RBCs are attacked by
the recipient antibodies in the
plasma causing ruptured of
RBCs .
The ruptured RBCs release Hb
that precipitated in the kidneys
& may cause renal failure .