Transcript Do Now - Montville.net

Do Now!! 
What is an atom?
Why do we have a periodic table?
What information can we find in a
periodic table?
Chapter 6
Biochemistry
Objectives
To define an atom.
To determine the make-up of an
atom.
To list different elements that can
be found on Earth.
To explain what type of
information can be gathered from
the periodic table.
Brain-Based Learning
Name
__________________
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Atoms
 Smallest particle of matter that still has chemical
properties
 Matter: anything that takes up space and has mass
 Contain 3 parts
+ Protons: positively charged, contain mass of 1
Neutrons: no charge, contain mass of 1
- Electrons: Outside nucleus, negatively charged,
insignificant mass
Do Now!! 
Complete the chart:
Part of Atom
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Charge
Mass
Objectives
To determine the make-up of an
atom.
To list different elements that can
be found on Earth.
To explain what type of
information can be gathered from
the periodic table.
To draw different atoms
Atoms make up Elements
A pure substance that can’t be broken
down into other substances by physical
or chemical means.
Made up of only 1 type of atom
Contain a unique name and symbol.
So… if this is an atom…
What makes atoms different?
How is carbon different from oxygen?
Different numbers of protons
Periodic Table of Elements
 Periods: horizontal
rows
 Groups: vertical
columns:
elements in the
same group have
similar chemical
and physical
properties.
**Organized based on the # of protons in the nucleus of an atom.**
Periodic Table Information
 Atomic number- tells
us the # of protons
(and electrons)
 Symbol- unique for
each element.
 Atomic Mass- # of
protons and neutrons
6
C
12.02
Lets practice!!
4
9.01
C
12.02
7
N
Ne
20.18
Complete the missing information
and include the number of protons,
neutrons, and electrons.
Objectives
To practice drawing different
atoms.
To review parts of the atom by
completing a worksheet activity.
Neutron Partners…
List the number of protons, neutrons,
and electrons for the following…
Mg
Ca
Fe
Cl
Drawing an atom…
 Things to remember!
Proton # = Electron #
Protons and Neutrons are in the nucleus and
add up to the atomic mass.
Electrons are arranged in energy levels
1st energy level holds 2 electrons
2nd energy level holds 8
3rd energy level holds 8
Etc.
Lets Draw Oxygen!
What is the atomic number of oxygen?
Let’s Practice…
Please work on the
worksheet in front of you!
Finish for homework and
bring to the next class.
Let’s draw:
1. He
2. O
3. S
4. C
5. Cl
Do Now!! 
Let’s draw:
1. Ar
2. Al
3. Na
4. Ne
5. Mg
Objectives
 To discuss isotopes and relate their research to
the medical field
 To determine the number of protons, neutrons
and electrons of ions
 To identify types of bonds
What is wrong with this picture?
Carbon
-atomic symbol “C”
-atomic # 6
-atomic mass 12.02
Objectives
 To discuss isotopes and relate their research to
the medical field
 To determine the number of protons, neutrons
and electrons of ions
 To identify types of bonds
Isotopes
 Isotopes contain the same # of protons and electrons as
the element, but a different number of neutrons.
Ex: Carbon-14
Contains 6 protons (still carbon)
Also contains 8 neutrons, instead of 6
Radioactive Isotopes
 What is an isotope again?
 Changing the # of neutrons changes the stability of
the atom, causes decay in the nucleus or causes it
to break apart.
Ex: Carbon-14 is used in carbon-dating. We can
tell how old something is by how much carbon is
left.
Radioactive Isotopes
 Ex: Radioactive isotopes are used to help
doctors diagnose disease and locate certain
types of cancer.
What happens if there are different
number of ______ than a normal
atom?
Neutrons?
More protons than electrons?
More electrons than protons?
“Happy” Atoms
Atoms need to have the right number of
electrons around them (happy)
Ions- charged atom or groups of atoms
Ions can lose or gain electrons to be neutral:
Lose: form positive ions
Gain: form negative ions
Na
Cl
Do Now!! 
How many electrons does each of the
following want to be “happy”?
 Oxygen
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Nitrogen
Do Now!! 
 Think-Pair-Share:
- If an ion is positively charged, does it gain
or lose electrons?
- Negatively charged?
- How many electrons does O3- have?
Objectives
 Identify protons, neutrons and electrons in ions.
 Identify compounds.
 Determine what information can be received
from a chemical formula.
Lets Practice!
List the number of protons, neutrons and
electrons in each ion:
ONa+
N3ClF+
Are any of these atoms happy?
More practice…
Do Now!! 
Identify the element and then state if it is
a normal atom, an isotope, or an ion.
Objectives
 Practice identifying components of ions by
completing a worksheet
 Identify compounds.
 Determine what information can be received
from a chemical formula.
 Compare and contrast ionic bonding vs.
covalent bonding.
 Explain what “Vanderwalls interactions” are.
Compounds
 A pure substance formed when 2 or more
elements combine.
Always formed using a specific ratio
Ex: 2 molecules of Hydrogen + 1 molecule
of Oxygen will give us water (H2O)
Ex: fuel in cars (hydrocarbons)
Chemically and physically different from the
elements that make them up.
Must be broken down CHEMICALLY, not
physically
Chemical Formulas
 The number before the formula states
how many molecules
 Ex. 4 H2O = 4 water molecules
 The subscript number states how many
of that type of atom
 Ex. H2O = 2 hydrogen atoms, 1 oxygen
atom
Let’s try some examples (electron
partners)
For the following examples list the total
number of atoms for each element and
how many of each molecule.
1. C6H12O6
2. 3CH4
3. 5CO2
4. 3O3
5. 4HCl
Do Now!! 
For the following examples list the total
number of atoms for each element and
how many of each molecule.
1. 2H2SO4
2. 4HNO3
3. 5MgCl2
4. NaOH
5. 4C6H8O7
Objectives
 Compare and contrast ionic bonding vs.
covalent bonding.
 Explain what “Vanderwalls interactions” are.
 Explain what a chemical reaction is.
 Identify reactants and products in a reaction.
 Balance an equation.
Review!
 How many protons, neutrons, and electrons
are in O2-?
 Is Cl a compound or an element?
 How do you find the # of neutrons?
 Using the formula 3C6H12O6, how many atoms
of oxygen are present?
How do compounds stay
together?
 Bonds!
 2 most common types
1. Covalent- atoms share
electrons
2. Ionic- atoms gain or lose
electrons to bond
Covalent Bonding
Molecule: compound held together by
covalent bonds.
 Carbon (C) – form 4 bonds (another 4 e)
 Hydrogen (H) – form one bond (1 e)
 Nitrogen (N) – form 3 bonds (3 e)
 Oxygen (O) – form 2 bonds (2 e)
 H2O
Do Now!! 
What are the 2 main types of bonds?
What happens with electrons in each
type of bond?
What is a compound?
Objectives
Define “Van Der Waals” Interactions.
Explain what a chemical reaction is.
Identify reactants and products in a
reaction.
Balance an equation.
Ionic Bond
 Some atoms tend to donate or accept electrons more easily than
other atoms.
 Ex. Metals (D) and Non Metals (A)
Van Der Waals Interactions
 When molecules come close together, the
attractive forces between slightly positive and
negative regions pull on the molecules and
hold them together.
 The strength of the attraction depends on the
size of the molecule, its shape, and its ability to
attract electrons.
6.2 Chemical Reactions
 A chemical reaction -atoms or groups of atoms are reorganized into
different substances.
 Chemical Reactions:
 Production of heat or light,
 Formation of a gas, liquid, or solid
Parts of a Reaction
Reaction- Molecules breaking or coming
together
Reactants- What goes in the reaction
Products- What comes out of the reaction
Ex: Na+ +
Cl- =
NaCl
Do Now!! 
 Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon
dioxide and water.
 Identify:
 Products
 Reactants
 Is this a balanced equation?
+ ATP
(energy)
Do Now!! 
 Identify:
 Products
 Reactants
 Is this a balanced equation?
H2 + O2  H2O
Objectives
To balance equations.
To identify types of reactions.
To explain how an enzyme works.
To determine the difference between a
solute and a solvent.
Balancing Equations
The law of conservation of mass states matter
cannot be created or destroyed
The number and types of atoms must be the
SAME on both sides of the equations
Ex. ___ H2 + ___O2  ___H2O
Electron Partners!!
Balance the following equations:
1. ___ H2 + ___ O2 ---> ___ H2O
2. ___ Zn + ___ HCl ---> ___ ZnCl2 + ___ H2
3. ___ SiO2 + ___ HF ---> ___ SiF4 + ___ H2O
4. ___ K + ___ Br2 ---> ___ KBr
5. ___ Al + ___ FeO ---> ___ Al2O3 + ___ Fe
Objectives
To identify types of reactions.
To explain how an enzyme works.
To determine the difference between a
solute and a solvent.
To list the properties of water.
Energy in Reactions
The activation energy minimum amount of
energy needed for
reactants to turn into
products
Types of Reactions
Exothermic- released
heat energy.
o The energy of the
product is lower than
the energy of the
reactants.
Types of Reactions
Endothermic - absorbed
heat energy.
The energy of the
products is higher than
the energy of the
reactants.
Demo time!! 
Endothermic or Exothermic??
Let’s do some practice!
Get with your neutron partners!! 
 Determine whether or not the following are
Exothermic or Endothermic reactions:
 1. Combustion reactions of fuels
 2. melting ice cubes
 3. Nuclear Bomb
 4. a candle flame
 5. cooking an egg
 6. Mixing water with Epsom salt
Objectives
To identify types of reactions.
To explain how an enzyme works.
To determine the difference between a
solute and a solvent.
To list the properties of water.
What you should know about
enzymes!
-Specialized proteins that act as “catalyst”
(speeds up a reaction)
- Usually end in “ase”
-Not consumed in the reaction
What do they do?
How do they work?
A substrate fits in the active site of an
enzyme.
This forms an enzyme substrate complex.
They then break or form bonds.
Do Now!! 
 What is the purpose of an enzyme?
 What was the enzyme used in your liver lab?
 What is a substrate?
 What was the substrate in your liver lab??
Objectives
To identify types of reactions.
To explain how an enzyme works.
To determine the difference between a
solute and a solvent.
To list the properties of water.
How do they work?
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4
Do Now!! 
 Determine whether the following substances
are heterogeneous or homogenous:
Chicken noodle soup
Lemonade
Pudding
Fruit Salad
Cole Slaw
Milk
Chipotle Burritos
Objectives
 Review acids and bases.
 List the 4 macromolecules of life.
 Identify the 3 different types of carbohydrates.
 Explain the importance of carbs in the body.
 Explain why low-carb diets can be harmful.
6.3 Solutions
 Solution = Mixture of a solute dissolved in a
solvent (ex: iced tea!)
 How do things dissolve?
Polar Covalent Bond: Slight Positive and
negative charges
Ex. H2O
Non-polar: Do not dissolve in water
Ex. Lipids and Fats
Mixtures
 Solute- substance that is dissolved
 Solvent- substance that the solute dissolved in.
Ex. Hot chocolate (Water and Coco Powder)
Mixtures
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
What is the difference?
Mixtures
Homogeneous- has a uniform
composition throughout (a.k.a
solutions).
Heterogeneous- components remain
distinct.
Acids and Bases
 Acids- Releases hydrogen ions.
 Bases- Releases hydroxide ions.
 pH- measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
Buffers
 What happens to enzymes in a strong pH?
 Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids
or bases to keep the pH within a particular
range. (We want to keep our body fluids at a
pH of 6.5-7.5)
 Hemoglobin
6.4 Macromolecules of Life
Organic Chemistry - The element carbon
is a component of almost all biological
molecules. (Inorganic= no carbon)
Let’s Review
Carbon has _____ electrons in its
outermost energy level.
One carbon atom can form _____
covalent bonds with other atoms.
Bonds enable carbon atoms to bond to
each other = variety of important
organic compounds.
Do Now: Please complete the
table! 
Chemical/
Symbol
Carbon – C
Atomic
Number
6
Hydrogen – H
Atomic Mass Bonds Formed
12
4
1
1
1
Nitrogen – N
7
14
3
Oxygen – O
8
16
2
Phosphorus - P
15
31
5
Sulfur - S
16
32
2
Objectives
 List the 4 macromolecules of life.
 Identify the 3 different types of carbohydrates.
 Explain the importance of carbs in the body.
 Explain why low-carb diets can be harmful.
 Run our labs!
Molecules
Macromolecules -
large molecules formed by joining
smaller organic molecules together.
Are also called Polymers -
molecules made from repeating units
of identical (or nearly identical)
compounds linked together by
covalent bonds.
Do Now!! 
What are the four macromolecules
of life?
 What are some examples of
saturated and unsaturated fats?
What is a trans fat?
Objectives
 To explain how the body uses fats and proteins.
 To compare and contrast saturated vs.
unsaturated fats.
 To discuss proteins and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
 Sources of energy (ex: glucose)
 Ratio of carbon : hydrogen : oxygen of 1:2:1
 (CH2O)n
 n = # of CH2O in a chain
*Where there’s a
corner there’s a
carbon!*
Glucose
Do Now!! 
- What are carbohydrates composed of?
- Identify the carbohydrates:
1) C6H12O6
2) CH3
3) C4H2O2
4) C24H36O24
Objectives
 To explain how the body uses fats and proteins.
 To compare and contrast saturated vs.
unsaturated fats.
 To discuss proteins and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide- values of n ranging
from three to seven (simple sugar)
ex: glucose (n = 6)
Disaccharide - Two monosaccharides
joined together
ex: lactose
Polysaccharide- many
monosaccharides joined together
ex: glycogen (energy storage in muscle)
Disaccharide
Monosaccharide (glucose)
Polysaccharide
Do Now!! 
What are the four macromolecules
of life?
 What are some examples of
saturated and unsaturated fats?
What is a trans fat?
Objectives
 To explain how the body uses fats and proteins.
 To compare and contrast saturated vs.
unsaturated fats.
 To discuss proteins and nucleic acids.
Lipids
Fats, oils and waxes
Made mostly of C and H
Used for energy storage and
insulation
 Fat – solid at room temperature
 Oil – Liquid at room temperature
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
 Saturated Fats -
Only Single bonds between the
carbons
Solid at room temperature (typically)
More unhealthy
 Unsaturated Fats Double bonds between the carbons
Liquid at room temperature (typically)
More healthy
Proteins
 Made of small carbon compounds called amino acids
Central Carbon
Atoms that make up Amino
Acids:
 carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen,
and sometimes sulfur.
 Amino acids are connected together
through a PEPTIDE BOND.
Proteins in the Body
 Involved in nearly every function of your body.
 structural -
hair, collagen, muscle, skin etc. made of proteins
 enzymes –
speed up chemical reactions
Nucleic Acids
Store and transmit
genetic information.
Made of smaller
repeating subunits
called nucleotides
Composed of carbon,
nitrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, and
hydrogen atoms.
Think – Pair – Share
Let’s Try These
Think – Pair - Share
 Try THESE!