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Chapter 2
Section 1 Characteristics of
Living Things
Bellwork
What are four living and nonliving things that you
interact with every day? How do you know whether
each is living or nonliving? Do you know what the
word inanimate means? If so, write out a definition.
Does nonliving mean the same thing as dead?
Explain your answer.
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Chapter 2
Section 1 Characteristics of
Living Things
1. Living Things Have Cells
• All living things are composed of one or more cells.
• A cell is a membrane-covered structure that
contains all of the materials necessary for life.
• Some organisms are made up of only one cell and
some are made up of trillions of cells. In an organism
with many cells, different kinds of cells perform
specialized functions.
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Chapter 2
Section 1 Characteristics of
Living Things
2. Living Things Sense and Respond to
Change
• A stimulus is anything that causes a reaction or
change in an organism or any part of an organism.
Ex: light, sound
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable
internal environment.
• Responding to External Change Organisms must
respond to change in the external environment in
order to maintain their homeostasis. Ex: shiver or
sweat
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Chapter 2
Section 1 Characteristics of
Living Things
3. Living Things Reproduce
• Organisms make other organisms similar to
themselves.
• In sexual reproduction, two parents produce
offspring that will share characteristics of both
parents. Ex: birds
• In asexual reproduction, a single parent produces
offspring that are identical to the parent. Ex: hydra
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Chapter 2
Section 1 Characteristics of
Living Things
4. Living Things Have DNA
• The cells of all living things contain the molecule
deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.
•DNA controls the structure and function of cells.
•The passing of traits through DNA is called heredity.
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Chapter 2
Section 1 Characteristics of
Living Things
5. Living Things Use Energy
• Organisms use energy to carry out the activities
of life.
• An organism’s metabolism is the total of all of
the chemical activities that the organism performs.
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Chapter 2
Section 1 Characteristics of
Living Things
6. Living Things Grow and Develop
• All living things, whether they are made of one cell
or many cells, grow during periods of their lives.
• Living things may develop and change as they grow.
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Chapter 2
Section 2 The Necessities of Life
Bellwork
What do you think your mass would be if there were
no water in your body? What else besides water is
your body composed of? Where do you think you get
the minerals that make up your body mass?
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Chapter 2
Section 2 The Necessities of Life
1. Water
• 70% body
•chemical reactions – used for metabolism
•Differ with amounts
2. Air
• mixture of several different gases
•Live in water – come to surface or dissolved O2 from
water
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Chapter 2
Section 2 The Necessities of Life
3. A Place to Live
• contains all of the things they need to survive.
• Ex: water, shelter
• competition with each other.
4. Food
• need food.
•gives energy and materials needed to carry on life
processes.
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Chapter 2
Section 2 The Necessities of Life
• Producers can make their own food by using energy
from their surroundings. Ex: plants
• consumers because they must eat other organisms
to get food. Ex: frog
•Decomposers - breaking down the nutrients in dead
organisms or animal wastes. Ex: mushroom
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Chapter 2
Section 2 The Necessities of Life
Comparing Consumers and Producers
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 2
Section 2 The Necessities of Life
Putting It All Together
• All organisms need to break down that food in order
to use the nutrients in it.
• Nutrients are made up of molecules.
• Molecules found in living things are usually made up
of six elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, and sulfur.
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Chapter 2
Section 2 The Necessities of Life
1. Proteins
•are large, made up of amino acids.
•break down the proteins in food
•Spider webs, repair tissue
•form structures
•help cells do their jobs.
•enzymes start or speed up chemical
reactions in cells.
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Chapter 2
Section 2 The Necessities of Life
2. Carbohydrates
•Molecules made of sugars carbohydrates.
•Simple carbohydrates one sugar molecule or
few sugar molecules.
•Complex carbohydrates hundreds of sugar
molecules linked together. store extra sugar as
complex. Ex: starch in plants
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Chapter 2
Section 2 The Necessities of Life
3. Lipids
cannot mix with water.
•Phospholipids form the cell
membrane.
• Ex: Fats and Oils
can get energy from
store energy.
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Chapter 2
Section 2 The Necessities of Life
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Section 2 The Necessities of Life
ATP
• Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the major energycarrying molecule in cells.
• The energy in carbohydrates and lipids must first be
transferred to ATP, which then provides fuel for cellular
activities.
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Chapter 2
Section 2 The Necessities of Life
4. Nucleic Acids
•are large molecules made up of nucleotides.
• Nucleic acids called the blueprints of life
• DNA
•Not used for energy
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Chapter 2
Section 2 The Necessities of Life
Nucleic Acid
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 2
Standardized Test Preparation
Interpreting Graphics
The graph below shows an ill person’s body
temperature. Use the graph below to answer the
questions that follow.
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Chapter 2
Standardized Test Preparation
1. A fever is a spike in
temperature. On which
day does this person
have a fever?
A Sunday
B Monday
C Wednesday
D Saturday
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Chapter 2
Standardized Test Preparation
1. A fever is a spike in
temperature. On which
day does this person
have a fever?
A Sunday
B Monday
C Wednesday
D Saturday
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Chapter 2
Standardized Test Preparation
2. A body with a fever is often
fighting an infection. Fevers help
eliminate the pathogens that
cause the infection. According to
the chart, when does this person
probably have the highest fever?
F Sunday
G Monday
H Wednesday
I Saturday
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Chapter 2
Standardized Test Preparation
2. A body with a fever is often
fighting an infection. Fevers help
eliminate the pathogens that
cause the infection. According to
the chart, when does this person
probably have the highest fever?
F Sunday
G Monday
H Wednesday
I Saturday
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Chapter 2
Standardized Test Preparation
3. What is the highest temperature
that this fever reaches?
A 37°C
B 38°C
C 39°C
D 40°C
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Chapter 2
Standardized Test Preparation
3. What is the highest temperature
that this fever reaches?
A 37°C
B 38°C
C 39°C
D 40°C
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Chapter 2
Standardized Test Preparation
4. What is probably this person’s
normal body temperature?
F 37°C
G 38°C
H 39°C
I 40°C
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Chapter 2
Standardized Test Preparation
4. What is probably this person’s
normal body temperature?
F 37°C
G 38°C
H 39°C
I 40°C
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