Transcript ORGANIC COMPOUNDS – CONTAIN CARBON

CHAP. 2 – Chemistry of Life
INORGANIC – DO NOT
CONTAIN CARBON
(ORGANIC COMPOUNDS –
CONTAIN CARBON)
I. Characteristics of Water:
A. Polar Compound
Positive charge on H+ end
And a negative charge on the
O- end
Looks like “Mickey Mouse!”
B. Universal Solvent
-allows a variety of solutes to
dissolve. (Disassociation)
-due to polarity
C. Adhesion – water
molecules are attracted to
other molecules, solid
surfaces.
D. Cohesion – water molecules
are attracted to other water
molecules.
- due to polarity (opposites
attract).
E.
Capillarity – Water can
move through tiny pores,
or tubes, against the force of
gravity.
F. High Heat Capacity ability to absorb high
amounts of heat energy.
II. Acids and bases
•solutions have certain amounts
of hydrogen ions (H+) and
hydroxide ions (OH-)
A. Acids - more H+ than OH-.
B. Bases - more OH- than H+.
- also called alkaline
solutions.
C. pH - SCALE - Scale used to
measure the concentration
of H+ and OH- ions in a
solution.
2-2
pH Scale
Increasingly Basic
pH Scale Range – P. 43
Bleach
0 - 6 acid
Soap
Increasingly Acidic
Neutral
Go to
Section:
Milk
Tomato
juice
Lemon juice
7 - neutral
8 - 14 base
D. pH is very important in living
systems.
Ex. Digestive juices, blood
E. Mixing acids and bases
results in a neutralizing
reaction which produces
water.
III. Organic Compounds
Contain Carbon (C)
Rule Exception – CO2!!
It is inorganic!
A. Carbon….
... has four free electrons that
can bond with 4 other atoms.
... Allowing bonds to form chains
or rings.
This allows for lots variability!!
See P. 44
B. Characteristics:
monomers – a single C
compound
polymers – links of
monomers
macromolecules – links of
polymers
polymerization – is
“connecting monomers”.
IV. The organic compounds
found in living things
are:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
A. Carbohydrates
•Compound of C, H, O.
•Ratio of 1:2:1
•Function - main source of
energy
Formula for all – C 6H12O6
TYPES:
Monosaccharides - Simple
sugars Ex. Glucose
Disaccharides – “two monosaccharides”
Ex. Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (milk sugar)
Polysaccharide - > 3 monosaccharides
Ex. Starch (plants) &
glycogen (animals)
The molecular formula is
C6H12O6
Compounds that have the
same molecular formula, yet
different structural
arrangement are called
isomers
(Isomerism is the process.)
B. Lipids
Compound of C, H, O.
Ratio of H:O is > 2:1
Ex. Fats, oil, waxes, hormones.
Function - stores energy, forms
cell membranes, acts as
chemical messagers
Lipids - leave a “greasy
spot!!”
- do not dissolve in water
- is a single monomer of
3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol
C. Nucleic acids
Compound C, H, O, & N, P.
Monomer is a nucleotide
Function – stores hereditary
material
Made of:
Phosphate group
5-Carbon sugar
Nitrogenous base (N)
Ex. are:
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
& RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
D. Proteins
Compound of C, H, O, & N.
Monomer is Amino Acids
Function to regulate cell
processes & reaction
rates, bone and muscle
formation
1. Amino Acids are made of:
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Amine group (-NH2)
R-group - makes amino acids
different!
(Be able to sketch one!)
2. Peptide bond – bonds amino
acids together.
Figure 2-17 A Protein
Amino Acids & Proteins
Section 2-3
Protein
Amino
acids
Go to
Section:
Peptide
bond
3. Examples of proteins:
Skin, muscle, hemoglobin in
blood, enzymes
Proteins are specific to
the organism.
“Tastes like chicken!!
Tastes like ham”!!
V. Enzymes
- act as a catalyst - speeds up
a reaction without being
involved in the reaction
• Works like a "lock and
key"
• It is very specific – works like a
“lock & key”
• the enzyme fits the substrate
(the reactant in the rxtn)
• just like a key fits its lock
• See P. 52, Fig. 2-21