Transcript Chemistry of Water Notes

Chemistry
of
Water
I. Temperature
A. Measure of the average kinetic
energy possessed by the
particles of a substance.
B. Phase Change Diagram
II. Specific Heat amount of heat needed to raise
the temperature of one gram of a
substance one degree Celsius.
A. Heat is measured in calories.
B. calorie - amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of one gram
of water one degree Celsius.
III. Variations With Depth
A. The temperature of the ocean
also varies with depth.
B. As depth increases, water temperature
decreases.
C. Drastic drop in temperature occurs
between 200 and 1000 meters.
D. Thermocline – layer of ocean between
200 and 1000 meters.
E. The Thermocline Boundary
that separates
the warmer
water from
the colder,
denser water
below.
IV. The Effects of Temperature on
Ocean Life
A. Fish are more active than when the
water temperature is high.
B. Ectothermic animals - animals that
adjust their internal body temperature
as the temperature of the external
environment changes.
V. Effects of Pressure
on Ocean Life
A. Osmoregulation – ability to
maintain a constant osmotic
pressure in the body.
B. Osmosis – diffusion of water
C. Diffusion – movement of
molecules from an area of
greater to lesser concentration.
VI. Carbon Cycle
A. Carbon is the building block of
all life on earth
B. Carbon in the sea is mostly
inorganic trapped in vast
quantities of calcium carbonate
on the sea floor.
C. Carbon dioxide is taken in by
algae/plants during photosynthesis
D. CO2 returns to the water through
respiration of animals and
microbial decomposition
E. Large exchange of CO2 between
the atmosphere and the ocean.
(dissolves and vaporizes)
E. Carbon-Oxygen Cycle
Diagram
Balanced Carbon Cycle
Unbalanced Carbon Cycle: Makes
the oceans acidic! CO2->Carbonic Acid
VII. Nitrogen Cycle
A. Nitrogen is essential in producing
amino acids (building blocks of proteins)
B. Organic Nitrogen exists in three forms
and requires bacteria in order to transfer
among the three.
C. Nitrate (NO3), Nitrite (NO2),
and Ammonia (NH3)
D. Nitrogen Cycle Diagram
Nitrogen in
the air
nitrogen fixing plant
eg pea, clover
animal protein
plant made
protein
root nodules
(containing nitrogen
fixing bacteria)
denitrifying
bacteria
nitrates absorbed
dead plants & animals
urine & feces
decomposition by bacteria & fungi
nitrates
bacteria
(nitrifying bacteria)
ammonia
nitrites
bacteria
VIII. Phosphorus Cycle
A. Inorganic phosphorus erodes
(dissolves) from rocks (sediment)
B. Inorganic phosphorus is transformed by
bacteria into organic phosphorus as it is
absorbed into bacterial cells.
C. Decomposition by bacteria releases
phosphorus back into environment.
D. Phosphorus Cycle Diagram