Transcript Energy Progress of reaction

Biochemistry
TG09S
Carola Fortelius 2010
Classes of biomolecules
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Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides
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Chain or ring structure
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Ring structure
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Carbohydrate bonds
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Two important polysaccharides
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Starch
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Cellulose
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Difference in the bonds makes
all the difference
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Lipids
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Lipids are
hydrophobic/hydrophilic
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Amino acids
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20 different aa found in proteins
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Proteins
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Protein folding
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What are they?
Enzymes
Why do we need them?
Examples?
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Enzymes
Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms
Properties
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Enzymes
Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms
Specific
Properties
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Enzymes
Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms
Specific
Properties
Increase rate of the reaction
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Enzymes
Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms
Specific
Properties
Increase rate of the reaction
Unchanged at the end of the reaction
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Enzymes
Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms
Specific
Properties
Increase rate of the reaction
Unchanged at the end of the reaction
Need them
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Enzymes
Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms
Specific
Properties
Increase rate of the reaction
Unchanged at the end of the reaction
Reactions too slow to maintain life
Need them
Can’t increase temperatures/pressure in cells (fatal)
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Enzymes Are Proteins
The enzyme binds to the substrates by its active site
The active site is a pocket formed by the folding of the protein
where the substrates bind.
The enzyme binds to the substrates by its active site
The active site is a pocket formed by the folding of the protein
where the substrates bind.
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Active site
The active site involves a small number of key residues that actually bind the
substrates
The rest of the protein structure is needed to maintain these residues in position
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How do enzymes work?
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Substrates
Sucrose + H2O
Glucose + Fructose
Products
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For a reaction to occur the sucrose
and water would have to collide with
enough energy to break and form bonds
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Sucrose + H2O
Glucose + Fructose
+
+
Substrates
Products
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Energy
Progress of reaction
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Energy
Substrates
Progress of reaction
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Energy
Substrates
Products
Progress of reaction
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High energy
intermediate
Energy
Substrates
Products
Progress of reaction
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High energy
intermediate
Activation energy
Energy
Substrates
Products
Progress of reaction
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For a reaction to occur the sucrose
and water would have to collide with
enough energy to break and form bonds
and
This is the activation energy!
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The minimum amount of energy needed to start the
reaction, leading to the formation of a high energy
intermediate
= The activation energy
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High energy
intermediate
Activation energy
Enzymes reduce the
height of the energy
barrier
Energy
Substrates
Products
Progress of reaction
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Nucleic acids
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a. Sugar component
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b. Base component
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c. Phosphate
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Polynucleotides
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The genetic code
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