Transcript What is an atom? - Appoquinimink High School

Daily Warm up Aug 29, 2012
TRUE OR FALSE:
1.According to German researchers, the
risk of heart attack is higher on Monday
than any other day of the week
2.An average human drinks about 16, 000
gallons of water in a lifetime.
3.By the time you turn 70 most people will
have lost most of their taste buds.
4.What is an atom?
5.Name the components of an atom.
1.
2.
3.
True
True
False by the age of 55.
Chemical Basis for
Life Chapter
2
Why do we need
Chemistry in A and P?
• Your human body is a highly
organized and ever changing
collection of chemicals.
• There is also a very specific amount
of each of these chemicals in your
body.
What do you think might
happen if any of these
chemicals are out of balance?
Any change in any of the chemicals in
your body can have drastic affects on
your health and could even cause death.
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For example: if you have too little iron
in your body this can lead to a disease
known as anemia.
 On the flip side, if you
have too much iron you
have hemochromatosiswhich can eventually
destroy your heart
pancreas and liver.
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Matter is anything that takes up space
and has mass.
Matter is made of atoms, which are the
smallest particles of an element that
still have all the properties of an
element.
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States of Matter
◦Solid
◦Liquid
◦Gas
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All matter is composed of substances
called ELEMENTS.
Elements are what you find on the
periodic table. Can anyone name any
Elements?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
You will silently walk around the room while the
music is playing.
When the music stops and I say pair, pair up
with the closet person next to you. NO DRIVE
BY’s!
Give your new partner a High Five! Those who do
not have a partner raise your hand.
Partner groups - Help those who have not found
a partner.
Each person takes 3-5 secs to think of a list of
elements.
The person with the birthday closest to today
will go first. Share with your partner, each taking
a turn as you say an answer.
When completed, shake their hand and Thank
your partner for their knowledge.
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All matter is composed of substances
called ELEMENTS.
Elements are what you find on the
periodic table. Can anyone name any
Elements? Your goal is to name at
least 10 elements (5 per person).
What do you think are some of
the major elements found in
the human body?
Living organisms require about 20 elements (There
are 92 elements in nature and 19 made)
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen make up
more than 95% of the human body.
The other elements include: calcium, phosphorus,
potassium, sulfur, chlorine, sodium, magnesium and
many other trace elements (meaning they have a very
small amount: iron, zinc, copper, etc)
 Smallest
 Made
amount of an element
up of 3 subatomic particles
◦ Neutrons (o) = neutral/no charge
◦ Protons (+) = positive charge
◦ Electrons (-) = negative charge
Daily Warm up Aug 30 2012
 True or False:
1. Your stomach needs to produce a new layer of
mucus every two weeks or it would digest itself\
It takes the interaction of 72 different muscles to
produce human speech
2.
Our eyes are always the same size from birth,
but our nose and ears never stop growing.
3.
Define the following and give me an example:
4.
◦
5.
Covalent bond, Hydrogen bond, Ionic bonds
In a chemical reaction what is the role of a
catalyst?
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All statements are true
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Protons and
Neutrons are found
in the nucleus of the
atom.
Electrons are in
motion in the space
around the nucleus.
# E- = # P+
Why is this important and what
does it have to do with anatomy?
The positive charge from the Proton and the
Negative charge from the electron balance
out the charge of the atom.
These charges are what eventually aid in
forming combinations of atoms- or chemical
compounds …for example: water is made
from Hydrogen and Oxygen.
At your table discuss what you think
would happen to the charge of the atom if it
were to loose an electron.
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Proton (+) = the guy
Electron (-) = the girl
Neutron (o) = the wing man
The electron is attracted to it’s opposite
charge (the proton +) so it remains in orbit
around the nucleus, but it plays “hard to get”
by maintaining a velocity that is fast enough
that it’s never pulled into the nucleus. The
neutron is there to support the nucleus but it
never gets involved.
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Complete Q1-7 on your chemical basis of life
review packet.
On a separate piece of paper complete the
following questions:
◦ Name three things you learned today.
◦ What is the difference between an element and an
atom?
◦ What didn’t you understand from today’s lesson?
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I will collect the papers.
Chemical compounds are formed by chemical bonds.
Atoms either lose electrons, gain electrons or share
their electrons in order to form a bond with other
atoms in your body.
Atoms that lose or gain and electron are called ions
(it is now chemically charged…the charges don’t
balance)
Example: Na+Cl*Na loses an electron
*Cl gains an electron (they
exchange electrons)
The opposite charges
attract and form a bond
called an ionic bond
ASK YOUR NEIGHBOR - Why do you
think Na has a tendency to lose an
e- where Cl have a tendency to gain
an e-?
Covalent bonds form when atoms
share their electrons instead of
exchanging them.
Example:
Carbon molecule:
•H and O form a covalent
bond that creates the molecule
water.
•This molecule has + and –
poles!
•These charges cause the
water molecules to bind
loosely to each other. This
loose binding is known as a
Hydrogen bond ( Hydrogen
bond because Hydrogen is
involved)
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Stand up and find your shoulder partner. If you
do not have a close shoulder partner, partner up
with someone who does not have a partner.
Without your notes, define what a covalent bond
and an ionic bond is. You have 3-5secs to think
about it. You will have 15 secs to share your
answer.
The person who has a mummy stamp on their
paper will go first and share their answer.
The person with the ghost stamp on their paper
will shake their hand and thank them for
sharing.
Switch roles and repeat steps 2-4.
• Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds.
• What do you think that means?
• They can break apart easily.
• How would this be helpful in the body?
• Many systems require water so the
molecules need to be able to break apart
easily for easy transport. Cross out C and
write this.
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Chemical Reaction – a
process that changes one
set of chemicals into
another.
◦ Involves the breaking and
forming of new bonds. Quantity
remains the same.
•
•
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1+1=2
1+1 2
If this represented a
chemical reaction, then
1=reactants and 2 =
product
The reactants “react” to form
the product.
Synthesis/Anabolic Reaction:
when two or more atoms
bond to form a more complex
structure.
Example: fixing worn or
damaged tissues requires a build
up of smaller molecules coming
together to make a larger
molecule.
A+B
AB
Decomposition/catabolic
reaction: When a bond
holding atoms together
breaks and produces a
simpler molecule.
Example: Is needed for foods
to be digested and energy to be
released for your body to use.
AB
A+B
1.
2.
3.
4.
Stand up and find your shoulder partner. If you
do not have a close shoulder partner, partner up
with someone who does not have a partner.
Without your notes, distinguish between an
anabolic reaction and a catabolic reaction. You
have 3-5secs to think up a list of describing
words for you answer. You will have 15 secs to
share your answers.
The person who has a ghost stamp on their
paper will go first and share their answer, then
each will take turns sharing their answers.
When complete, shake hands and thank your
partner for their intelligence. 
All reactions need energy to occur.
 Activation Energy – refers to the energy
needed to get the reaction started
For example, you must apply force when
striking a match to get the fire to start.
 Rollercoaster example
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Notice the different energy
levels between the reactants
and products.
Example: photosynthesis –
reactants of water and CO2
and energy from the sun
(activation energy) creates
products of Glucose and O2.
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Notice the different energy
levels between the reactants
and products.
Example: combustion
reactions of fuels.
• 1 ask 2 “do you
think Exothermic
reactions are
anabolic or catabolic
and why?”
Catalysts
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Catalyst - a substance that lowers a
reactions activation energy
◦ In other words, speeds up the reaction.
Enzymes
Biological Catalysts are
called Enzymes.
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They speed up chemical
reactions in the cells. However
they are not essential, for the
reactions can occur on their
own
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Enzymes
•The names of enzymes typically end in “-ase”
•For example: protease splits proteins into its
monomers - amino acids.
•What do you think carbohydrase does?
•Splits carbohydrates (polysaccarides) into its
monomers - monosaccarides.
•Also used for: protein synthesis, synthesis
of RNA and DNA, etc.
1.There are 10 human body parts that are only 3
letters long – can you name them all?
True or False?
2. Antibiotics are only effective against virus, they
won't help in fighting off a bacteria.
3. The average life of a taste bud is 10 days.
4. Why do we need to understand the charges of
atoms in Anatomy?
5. How can you tell if an atom is balanced? Or if it
has a positive charge or a negative charge?
6. Name one type of chemical bond and tell me
how it bonds.
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eye
hip
arm
leg
ear
toe
jaw
rib
lip
gum
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2. false – fight off
bacteria and not
viruses
3. True
Inorganic and Organic
Compounds
• The atoms and molecules that form compounds can
either be inorganic or organic.
• What is the difference?
• Inorganic are substances that can dissolve in water or
react with water to release electrolytes.
• Why might these be necessary for your body?
• Organic are substances that contain carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen and do not dissolve in
water.
• Why might these be important?
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The main compounds are those that react
with water and can release electrolytes.
Examples: Na+, K+, Cl- (any minerals)
Functions: They aid in muscle and neuron
functions, acid breakdown and hydration.
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More specific Functions:
Potassium works with Sodium and Chloride to
maintain pH levels and fluid distribution.
Calcium is required for the maintenance and
growth of bones and teeth
Sodium also helps to control muscle and
nerve functions
Magnesium helps the body absorb the
Calcium it needs and helps protect the lining
of your heart!
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Inorganic compounds can not be made by the
body- they come from the earth and must be
“taken in”…or eaten 
What foods do you think may be inorganic
compounds or minerals your body needs?
Vegetables or any plant, milk, some fish or
seafood
What can happen if you do not have enough
minerals or inorganic compounds in your
system?
 Nausea,
diarrhea, dizziness,
headaches and abdominal pains
can occur from either too much
mineral content or not enough.
Organic Compounds
found in the body
••
Carbohydrates
••
Lipids
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Nucleic Acids
••
Proteins
What are these?
Daily Warm Up
TRUE OR FALSE:
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
Infants blink only once or twice a minute
while adults average around 10.
As well as having unique fingerprints,
humans also have unique tongue prints.
What is an endothermic reaction? Write an
example equation for this type of reaction.
What are the four main organic compounds
found in the body?
How does an inorganic compound help your
body?
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Both are true
Carbohydrates
What do you think the importance of
Carbohydrates are?
1.Provide energy that your cells
and body need.
2. Help build cell structures.
Carbohydrates
Examples:
1. Sugars- Monosaccharides such as Glucose,
Fructose, and Galactose
2.Disaccharides- Which contains two
monosaccharides. Such as: sucrose
3. Polysaccharides- many monosaccharides
combined together like a chain. Such as: Starch,
glycogen
LIPIDS
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Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids = Lipid
1 Glycerol
3 Fatty Acid
Chains
 Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen
LIPIDS
FUNCTION
Lipids functions are:
1.Help in long term energy storage
2.Protection and Insulation
3.Membrane structure
4.Acting as a chemical messenger
LIPIDS
FORM
Lipids can be:
1.Fats
2.Steroids
3.Phospholipids
How do you think
the form relates
to the function?
Which type of
lipid is
responsible for
what function?
Proteins
Proteins Functions are:
1.Help in structure of bones and muscle
2.Regulate cell processes and chemical reactions
3.Help transport substances in and out of the cell.
4.Help fight against foreign substances
Protein Forms include:
1.Enzymes
2.Hormones
3.Structural proteins
4.Antibodies
Proteins
Which forms go with
which functions?
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acid Functions:
1.Form genes- store genetic info and transmit
genetic information
2.Help aid in protein synthesis.
Nucleic Acid Forms:
1.DNA
2.RNA
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7.
You will silently walk around the room while the music is playing.
When the music stops and I say pair, pair up with the closet person
next to you. NO DRIVE BY’s!
Give your new partner a High Five! Those who do not have a partner
raise your hand.
Partner groups - Help those who have not found a partner.
Each person takes 3-5 secs to think of the four essential organic
compounds found in living things? AND What is the difference
between inorganic and organic compounds in the body?
The person whose first name begins with a letter closest to Z will go
first. Share with your partner the four essential organic compounds
found in living things, taking 10 secs to answer. Your partner will
share the difference between inorganic and organic compounds in the
body.
When completed, shake their hand and Thank your partner for their
knowledge.
What are the four essential
organic compounds found
in living things?
What is the difference
between inorganic and
organic compounds in the
body?
Compound
inorganic
Example
organic
Stop Point:
Organic Compounds
Foldable
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1. What is the structure? (example: carbon,
etc)
2. What is the smallest unit? (example:
monosaccharide)
3. Give an example (ie; sugars, fats, etc)
4. What is it’s function?
5. The actual structural picture (should help
you with number 1).
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2
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7.
carbohydrate
protein/lipids/minerals
minerals
lipids/protein
minerals/ carbs
minerals
minerals
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Characteristics of Living Things Group activity
At your tables brainstorm a list of things that
organisms (living things) must do to be
considered living. (5 minutes)
Volunteer a spokes person to come write
what you came up with on the board.
 Brainstorming
1.Growth: change in size
2.Respiration: Obtaining oxygen, releasing
energy from food and storing it in ATP,
removing carbon dioxide
3.Digestion: breakdown of food into nutrients
4.Absorption: movement of substances
through membranes into body fluids
5.Movement: change in body position or of body
part, internal movement
6. Responsiveness: Reaction to change inside
or outside body
7. Reproduction: production of new organisms
(not required for individual survival) and cells
8. Circulation: movement of substances in
body fluids
9. Excretion: removal of waste products
10. Maintaining homeostasis: regulates its
internal environment and tends to maintain a
stable, constant condition
Brainstorm in your groups what you
think your body needs to live.
Hint: without it you will die- only those
that are necessary- not that would be
helpful.
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Water: provides environment for chemical
reactions, transports substances, maintains body
temp. (carries heat)
Pressure atmospheric pressure forces air into
lungs, hydrostatic pressure moves blood
Food provides body with nutrients
Heat higher the heat the faster chemical
reactions occur in body
Oxygen helps release energy from glucose
(energy is then stored in ATP)
Sleep - No one knows for sure why we sleep, but
without, it is harmful, causing depression and
mental disturbances.