Transcript Intro to Biology review - Local.brookings.k12.sd.us

Intro to Cell Biology
Review
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/images/bloodcells3D.jpg
Looking at a drop of blood
under the microscope you
see this. Which of the
characteristics of living
things is this an example
of?
Made of cells
Which of the characteristics of
living things are these examples
of?
Reproduce
Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp
Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm
http://www.animationlibrary.co
Which of the characteristics
of living things is this frog
demonstrating?
Grow and develop
Scientists are worried the Bird Flu virus will mutate
and become able to spread from person to person
causing a worldwide epidemic.
Which of the characteristics of living things is this an
example of?
Evolution; change over time
Which of the following characteristics
of living things explains why birds fly
south for the winter?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Maintain internal balance
Made up of cells
Based on a universal genetic code
Respond to their environment
D. Living things respond to their environment
http://www.lincoln.midcoast.com/~del/butterfly
Which of the characteristics
of living things is this
butterfly demonstrating?
Grow and develop
People with diabetes lack the ability to
make the hormone which controls blood
sugar called ______________
insulin
http://school.discovery.com/clipart/clip/ani-turtle.html
Another name for
a “living thing”
organism
Particle found in the nucleus of
an atom with a positive charge
proton
↑
Which of these molecules could be used to
make glycogen, starch, or cellulose?
The carbohydrate molecule that
cells burn to release energy is
_______________.
glucose
Give an example of a monosaccharide
Glucose, galactose, fructose,
ribose, deoxyribose,
carbohydrate
A monosaccharide is a ______________
Lipid
nucleic acid
carbohydrate
protein
Many genetic diseases result from the production of
enzymes that are not shaped correctly. How could a
change in an enzyme’s shape cause it to work poorly or
not at all?
Changing its shape can alter the shape of the
active site so substrate doesn’t fit which affects
how the enzyme works
http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG
Which of the characteristics
of living things is this boy
demonstrating?
Grow and develop
Your blood sugar is low and you stop at Taco John’s
for a late night snack. Your blood sugar goes back up.
Which of the characteristics of living things is this an
example of?
Respond to stimulus & homeostasis
Describes molecules that try to stay
away from water or other polar
molecules
Hydrophobic; non-polar
Scale used to measure acidity
pH
Disaccharides are carbohydrates made
from ______
2 sugar molecules
Give an example of a disaccharide you
learned about
Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (milk sugar)
Which of these molecules is a protein?
Name the 2 kinds of nucleic acids
you learned about.
DNA and RNA
Give an example of a polysaccharide
Cellulose, glycogen, starch
Proteins that help chemical
reactions happen faster
enzymes
= ___________
Enzymes work by ____________
decreasing
the activation energy required to
get a chemical reaction started.
increasing
decreasing
Structural polysaccharide used to
make plants sturdy
cellulose
Special kind of nucleotide used by
cells to store the energy released
from burning glucose.
ATP
RIBOSE
Image by Riedell
heterotroph
A human is a(n) ______________.
autotroph
heterotroph
Name 5 of the characteristics of
ALL living things.
Made of cells
Reproduce
Take in and use materials and energy
Maintain stable internal conditions (homeostasis)
Grow and develop
Respond to environment
Have a universal genetic code
As a group, change over time
Give an example of an autotroph.
Green plant
The hereditary information in
all living things is in the form
of a large molecule called
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
__________________________.
Carbohydrates made from 2-10 sugar
molecules like those found in
glycoproteins are called ______________
oligosaccharides
Lactose and sucrose are examples of
_____
di saccharides
mono
di
oligo
poly
↑
Which of these molecules stores genetic info?
Give the chemical symbol for each:
C
Carbon _____
O
Oxygen _____
N
Nitrogen ____
P
Phosphorus ____
H
Hydrogen ___
S
Sulphur ___
+
Na
Sodium ion ____
+
K
Potassium ion ___
Cl
Chloride ion ___
++
Ca
Calcium ion ___
+
Hydrogen ion H
___
What ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms is seen in carbohydrates?
1:2:1; 1 carbon:2 hydrogen:1 oxygen
What is the chemical formula for
water?
H2O
Give an example of a heterotroph
Any animal (including humans),
Most bacteria
The 3 smaller particles found inside
neutrons
atoms are ____________,
_____________.
protons
and _____________.
electrons
Name this reaction
http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm
dehydration synthesisLosing water to make a bond
A carbohydrate made by joining
TWO sugar molecules
disaccharide
A short DNA segment that gives
the instructions for a protein
gene
Name one characteristic of water
that makes it important for living cells.
Good solvent
(lots of substances dissolve in it)
Can absorb lots of heat without changing temp
(good for homeostasis)
Makes hydrogen bonds
(water molecules stick together)
Participant/product in many chemical
reactions (helps metabolism)
Another name for a heterotroph
consumer
Atomic particle with a negative
charge electron
A signal to which an
organism responds
stimulus
Image from: http://www.travel-net.com/~andrews/images/animations/traffic.gif
Name the 4 molecules that are
important for all living things
Proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, nucleic acids
Lipids that are made of many carbon and
hydrogen atoms are_________________
Non polar
Polar
non-polar
Electrons orbit the nucleus of an
__________
atom at very high speeds in
different energy levels.
Protons
neutrons
electrons
What kind of electric charge do
electrons have? negative
MOLECULES that have an uneven
pattern of electric charge (more + on one
side; more – on the other) are called
______________
polar
ATOMS that have gained or lost
electrons so that they have an electric
ions
charge are called ______.
HEMOGLOBIN that carries oxygen
in your blood, INSULIN that helps
cells store sugar, and DIGESTIVE
proteins
ENZYMES are all _____________.
Proteins
carbohydrates
nucleic
acids
lipids
carbohydrate
Glucose is a _______________.
Protein
carbohydrate
nucleic
acid
lipid
Which of these molecules is a phospholipid?
Name this reaction
http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/images/Hydrolysis.jpg
Hydrolysis(adding water to break a bond)
Unfolding that happens to a protein
in extreme temperatures or pH that
causes it to change shape
denaturing
Stimulus that comes from outside
an organism
External stimulus
Which of these molecules is an amino acid ?
Look closely! They all are.
Look for the groups
on the center carbon: Amino, carboxyl, R
If you want to make RNA which
nitrogen bases CAN’T be used in the
#1 spot?
#1
#3
NO THYMINE (T)
#2
Which of the following is TRUE?
Simple sugars are made of polysaccharides.
F Simple sugars are monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides are complex carbo’s made of many sugars.
RNA molecules are made of nucleotides.
TRUE
Amino acids are made of proteins
F Proteins are made of amino acids
Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are made of glucose.
TRUE
↑
Which of these molecules combines with
proteins to make cell membranes?
In polymerization, complex molecules are
formed by the joining together of
_______________
D. monomers
A. macromolecules
B. carbohydrates
C. polymers
D. monomers
↑
Which of these molecules is a nucleotide?
The blue part of
this phospholipid
molecule
is ____________
Non-polar
polar
non-polar
The tails on this molecule are
__________________
hydrophobic
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
Give a function for nucleic acids in cells
Store genetic info (DNA)
transfer info from DNA to cell (RNA)
protein synthesis (RNA)
Name an ion that’s important in
living cells.
+
Sodium (Na )
Calcium (Ca++)
+
Potassium (K )
Chloride (Cl )
Hydrogen (H+)
How many different amino acids are
used by all living things to make
proteins?
20
This gray fish is
Heterotroph
a(n)____________
(Gets its food by eating other organisms)
Autotroph
Image from: http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif
heterotroph
If you want to make DNA which
sugar CAN BE used in the
#2 spot?
#1
#3
#2
deoxyribose
The subunits that make nucleic acids
nucleotides
are called _____________
amino acids
carbohydrates
nucleotides
Glucose, sucrose, glycogen, and
starch are all examples of
________________.
carbohydrates
Carbon is an important atom
____________
to living things because it can form
bonds with 4 other atoms at once
to make chains, rings, and many
different kinds of molecules.
Name 4 of the 6 atoms important
for making molecules used in cells.
Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen,
sulfur, OR phosphorus
Double stranded nucleic acid molecule
containing A, T, C, G nitrogen bases
found in chromosomes that stores
genetic information
DNA
http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html
Macromolecule made by joining
MANY sugar molecules together in a
chain
polysaccharide
Amino acid subunits join together
proteins
to make _______________
Lipids
carbohydrates
nucleic
acids
proteins
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine,
Guanine, and Uracil are used to make
Nucleotides
_____________________
polysaccharides
amino acids
nucleotides
lipids
If you want to make RNA which
sugar CAN BE used in the
#2 spot?
#1
#3
#2
ribose
Name 3 of the many functions of
proteins that you learned about
Act as enzymes
Transport (Help move substances in & out of cells)
Help synthesize other proteins (part of ribosomes)
Movement (make up cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella)
Act as hormones (insulin)
Help cells recognize self (glycoproteins)
Structural (make cell membranes)
Fight germs (antibodies)
carry oxygen in blood cells (hemoglobin)
control blood sugar (insulin)
↑
Which of these molecules is a carbohydrate?
Name a function of carbohydrates in
cells.
Burn for energy
Store energy for later
Structural (cellulose makes plants sturdy)
Cell ID (part of glycoproteins)
Phospholipids that make
up cell membranes have
a polar _________.
head
head
tail
Nucleic acid molecule that is single
stranded RNA
Give an example of a molecule that
might have oligosaccharides attached
glycoprotein
Give an example of a disaccharide sugar
Table sugar(sucrose)
Lactose (milk sugar)
What determines the amino acid
sequence in a protein?
DNA code
What ending is found at the end of the
name of most enzymes?
-ase
Match the building block with the molecule it makes.
Proteins
nucleic acids
lipids
carbohydrates
Nucleotide and amino acid images by Riedell
Nucleic
acids
____________________
Proteins
____________________
Carbohydrates
____________________
Glucose from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Name an atom found in DNA but
not carbohydrates and lipids
Nitrogen and phosphorus
Kind of chemical reaction used to join
subunits when making polysaccharides,
proteins, and nucleic acids
Dehydration synthesis
What determines the 3D folding of
a protein?
R group interactions
Nucleic acid molecule that is double
stranded DNA
What property of carbon allows it to
form so many different kinds of
molecules?
Can join 4 other atoms at same time
What are some factors that can
cause enzyme to denature?
Temperature & pH
If you want to make DNA which
nitrogen bases CAN’T be used in the
#1 spot?
#1
#3
NO URACIL (U)
#2
Name one of the properties of water that
make it important for living things
Its polar
so it dissolves many different substances
It doesn’t change temperature easily
so it helps in homeostasis (maintaining temp)
It forms hydrogen bonds
so molecules stick together
It is an important participant/product
in many chemical reactions
If you want to make DNA which
nitrogen bases CAN BE used in the
#1 spot?
#1
A, T, C, or G
(BUT NOT U)
#3
#2
Tell one way DNA is different from RNA
DNA
Double stranded
Contains A,T,C,G
No U
sugar = deoxyribose
Stores genetic info
RNA
single stranded
Contains A,U,C,G
no T
sugar = ribosose
transfers info from
DNA to cell
helps with protein
synthesis
Name the following in the enzyme catalyzed reaction:
Image by Riedell
enzyme
A = ________________
B = ________________
active site
C = ________________
substrate
enyzme-substrate complex
D = ________________
products
E = ________________
The process of changing from a stem
cell to different looking cells with
different functions
differentiation
Name the 4 main macromolecules used
to make living things
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
& nucleic acids
The subunits made of a nitrogen
base, and sugar, and a phosphate
group used to make nucleic acids
nucleotides
Polysaccharide used by animal cells
to store glucose for later
glycogen
http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif
Organism that can capture energy from
sunlight or chemicals and use it to
produce its own food; also called a
producer
autotroph
Process in which offspring are
produced by combining genetic material
from 2 parents
Sexual reproduction
Kind of lipid made from carbon and
hydrogen joined in rings instead of
chains that make up cell membranes and
can act as hormones
steroids
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm
↑
Which of these molecules is a nucleic acid?
Carbohydrate molecule like glucose
that is made from only ONE sugar
molecule
monosaccharide
Scale used to measure acidity
pH
Molecule formed when a substrate bonds
to the active site of an enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide
#1
#3
#2
nitrogen base (A, T, C, G, or U)
#1 = __________________
Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
#2 = __________________
phosphate
#3 = __________________
Organism that obtains energy from
the food it consumes; also called
a consumer
heterotroph
Process in which offspring are
produced from the genetic material
of a single parent
Asexual reproduction
http://faculty.stcc.edu/rapp/biol102/biology_links.htm
Molecule that is REALLY,
REALLY BIG
macromolecule
Stimulus that comes from inside
an organism
internal stimulus
Change in an organism over time;
Process by which modern organisms
have descended from ancient
organisms
evolution
Place in an atom where electrons
orbit
Energy levels
The basic unit of life is the ________.
cell
The process in which cells change
as they grow and develop to
become specialized with different
functions
differentiation
http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg
Embryonic cell that has the
potential to differentiate into a
variety cell types
Stem cell
Reactant that binds to the active
site of an enzyme during a
chemical reaction
substrate
Another name for an autotroph
producer
Neutral particle found in the
nucleus of an atom neutron
Molecule such as glycogen, starch, or
cellulose, made by joining many
monosaccharide (sugar) molecules
together polysaccharide
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
5 carbon sugar used to
make RNA
ribose
Macromolecule made of a polar
glycerol phosphate head and
non- polar tails used to
make cell membranes
phospholipid
Image by Riedell
All the chemical reactions through
which an organism builds up or
breaks down materials as it carries out
its life processes
metabolism
Organism made of many cells
multicellular
Molecules found in living things
that contain CARBON
organic
Protein that carries oxygen found
in red blood cells
hemoglobin
Kind of chemical reaction used by cells
to join molecules together by removing
an H and OH to make a water molecule
Dehydration synthesis
http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg
Process by which organisms maintain a
relatively stable internal environment
homeostasis
Substances produced during a chemical
reaction that are found on the right
side of a chemical equation
products
Describes a polar molecule that mixes
easily with water; means “water
loving”
hydrophilic
Small unit that can join together with
other small units to form polymers
monomer
Image by Riedell
Which of these molecules could be used to
make an RNA molecule?
The carbohydrate molecule that
cells burn to release energy
glucose
Place on an enzyme where the
substrate attaches
Active site
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm
Molecule made of a protein with
carbohydrates attached found
in cell membranes that helps
in cell identification
glycoprotein
Protein hormone, missing in people
with diabetes, that tells cells to store
glucose as glycogen
insulin
Double stranded nucleic acid molecule
containing A, T, C, G nitrogen bases
found in chromosomes that stores
genetic information
DNA
Macromolecule made by joining a
FEW (3-10) sugar molecules
together in a chain
oligosaccharide
http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html
Which of these molecules is a carbohydrate?
Energy required to get a
chemical reaction started
http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg
Activation energy
Attraction between oppositely
charged regions of nearby molecules
Van der Waals forces
Substance that speeds up a chemical
reaction by decreasing the
activation energy
catalyst
The process plants use to capture
energy from the sun and make glucose
photosynthesis
Organism made of only one cell
unicellular
Chemical reaction in which a molecule
is broken apart by the addition of the
H and OH from a water molecule
hydrolysis
Protein that acts as a biological
catalyst in living things to help
chemical reactions happen faster
enzyme
Attraction between oppositely charged
regions of nearby molecules involving
the hydrogen atoms of one molecule
and the partially
negatively charged
atoms in another
molecule
Hydrogen bonds
Images from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Which of these molecules is an amino acid?
Macromolecule that contains carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, made
by joining amino acid subunits
protein
Molecule with an uneven pattern of
electric charges; More + on one side/
more – on the other
polar
Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
5 carbon sugar used to make DNA
deoxyribose
An atom that has gained or lost
electrons so it has an electric charge
ion
Substances on the left side of a
chemical equation which react
reactants
Describes a non-polar molecule that tries to
stay away from water;
hydrophobic
means “water fearing”
One of the components (including
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine,
or uracil) that make up nucleotides
Nitrogen bases
Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of
1 C: 2 H: 1 O which is a major source of
energy for the human body
carbohydrate
Large molecule made by joining
smaller monomer subunits together
polymer
Image by Riedell
Macromolecule made mainly of carbon and
hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and
waxes and steroids, which is generally
hydrophobic
lipid
Macromolecule made of nucleotide subunits
containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus which stores and
transports information in cells and helps
in protein synthesis
nucleic acid
hydrophobic
Lipids are _________
hydrophobic
hydrophilic
non-polar
Lipids are ____________
polar
non-polar
If you want to make RNA which
nitrogen bases CAN BE used in the
#1 spot?
#1
A, U, C, or G
(BUT NOT T)
#3
#2
Single stranded nucleic acid that contains
the sugar ribose and the nitrogen bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Subunit used to make proteins made up
of a carbon atom attached to
a hydrogen,
a carboxyl group (-COOH),
an amino group
(-NH2) , and a variable R group
Amino acid
Image by Riedell
Polysaccharide used by PLANT cells
to store glucose for later
starch
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
The science of life (study of
living things) is called
_______________
biology
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
RIBOSE
Which of these molecules is used by cells
to store and transport energy?
Polysaccharide used by PLANT cells
to store glucose for later
starch
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
The science of life (study of living
things) is called
_______________
biology
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid