Transcript Written Final Exam Review

Written Final Exam Review
Mitochondria
• Found in eukaryotic plant
and animal cells
• Mitochondria processes:
• Cellular Respiration- oxidizes
sugar to make ATP
• Mitochondria components:
– Outer membrane
• (Matrix surrounded by cristae
folds)
– Inner membrane
– DNA
Chloroplasts
• Found in plant cells
• Chloroplast processes:
• Photosynthesis-uses solar
energy to make sugar
• Chloroplast components:
– Inner and outer membrane
• Thylakoids
• Stroma
– Chlorophyll - pigment
– DNA
Similarities between
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
• Both of these organelles
– CONVERT ENERGY
– Contain their own copy of DNA
– Have 2 membranes
Differences between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
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Cellular Respiration occurs in MITOCHONDRIA
Equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + chemical energy
Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP
Occurs in EUKARYOTIC HETEROTROPHS and
AUTOTROPHS (ANIMALS and PLANTS)
• Photosynthesis occurs in CHLOROPLASTS
• Equation
• 6CO2
•
+
6H2O + light energy 
Carbon Dioxide + Water
+
Sun light

• Occurs in AUTOTROPHS- plants
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Glucose
+ Oxygen
STEPS IN CHEMICAL ENERGY PROCESS
Cellular Respiration
Pyruvate Oxidation- pyruvate oxidized
down into acetic acid
Releases carbon dioxide and energy
Electron Transport Chain- energy from
previous steps generate 32 ATP
Oxygen and Hydrogen form water
Light Independent
Reactions
Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle- acetic acid
oxidized
Releases carbon dioxide and energy
Light Dependent Reactions
Glycolysis- glucose oxidized down into
pyruvate
Releases energy
Photosynthesis
Photosystem II- Chlorophyll captures
light energy (photon)
Energy used to split water- oxygen
diffuses out
Hydrogen from water slides down ETC
and generates ATP
Photosystem I- Chlorophyll captures
light energy (photon)
Energy used to generate NADPH
(hydrogen from water)
Calvin cycle- energy from light
reactions (ATP and NADPH) used to
form Carbon dioxide into sugars like
glucose
ENERGY AND MATTER
CYCLES
• Similarities between Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration
– Both cycle matter (Redox of glucose, oxygen,
carbon dioxide and water)
– Both transfer energy- flows between biotic
and abiotic structures.
• Similarities and differences between
Prokaryote and eukaryote cells.
Eukaryote
1. Membrane-bound
organelles
2. Linear DNA
3. Forms chromosomes
4. Larger and
Multicellular or
unicellular
5. Ex: Plants, Animals,
Protists and Fungi
BOTH
1. Living
2. Cytoplasm
3. DNA
4. Cell
Membrane
5. Ribosomes
6. Can be
unicellular
Prokaryote
1. No membrane
bound organelles
2. Circular DNA
3. Smaller and
only unicellular
4. Ex: Bacteria
Carbon Based
Molecule
Carbohydrate
What structures in the cell are they a part
of?
Labels on cell membrane
Cellulose in cell wall- structure
Lipid
Phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane)
Cholesterol (cell membrane)
Protein
Channels/pumps thru the membrane
Muscles
Enzymes
DNA/RNA
In the nucleus
Nucleic Acid
Carbon Based
Molecule
Carbohydrate
What are the monomers
Lipid
Phospholipid (fatty acid tails and phosphate)
Triglyceride (fatty acid tails and glycerol)
Fatty Acid
Protein
Amino Acid
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base)
DNA- deoxyribose sugar
RNA- ribose sugar
Monosaccharide (simple sugar)
Ex: glucose
Carbon Based
Molecule
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
What are the polymers
POLYSACCHARIDES
Starch – plant energy storage
Cellulose- plant structural material
Glycogen- animal energy storage
Phospholipid- in bilayer
Polypeptide chain which folds into a Protein
(example- protein channels, muscle, enzymes,
antibodies, hair, nails)
DNA
RNA
What do all Carbon-based
molecules have in common?
• They all contain CARBON- (with Oxygen
and Hydrogen) makes them ORGANIC
• They are necessary for life
• They are all made from monomers
• They all have the capability to make
polymers-macromolecules
Enzymes
Substrate
• Enzymes are a sub
class of proteins.
– Their structure is
an enzyme with an
active site and a
separate substrate
to be acted on.
Enzyme
Active site
Enzymes
– Their function is to speed up chemical
reactions by lowering the activation energy
(they put objects in the correct position so that
a reaction happens quicker).
• The hormone insulin catalyzes glucose (a
monomer) into glycogen (a polymer)
– They can be denatured with temperature and
pH changes.
Why do water molecules move with
osmosis?
• Osmoregulation- the control of water
movement across the cell membrane.
– Water “follows” solute.
• Solute- a substance dissolved in solvent
• Tonic- term used to refer to solvent
– Hypertonic- more solute in solvent outside of cell
– Hypotonic- less solute in solvent outside of the cell
– Isotonic- equal amount of solute outside of cell and
inside of cell.
• Solute is usually charged and does not move through
membrane
Why do water molecules move
with osmosis?
• Hypertonic solution
– Solute concentration
outside the cell is
HIGHER than solute
concentration inside
the cell.
– Water is moving
OUTSIDE the cell to
follow solute
• Cell shrinks
– plasmolysis
Why do water molecules move
with osmosis?
• Isotonic solution
– Solute concentration is
the same inside and
outside the cell.
– Water moves equally
into and out of the cell.
• Normal Cell- no change
Why do water molecules move
with osmosis?
• Hypotonic solution
– Solute concentration
outside the cell is LOWER
than solute concentration
inside the cell.
– Water is moving INSIDE
the cell to follow solute
• Animal cell swells and will
possibly burst
– Cytolysis
• Plant cell swells until cell
walls restrict further
swelling
– Turgor pressure
NET MOVEMENT
• Where is the water
going?
– The water is moving
toward areas of high
areas of solute
concentration = NET
MOVEMENT OF
WATER.
– The solute is unable to
cross the membrane
due to size.
• Example Starch is too
big to pass through.
Identify and Describe types of
active and passive transport
• Passive Transportdoes NOT require
energy
– EXAMPLES
– Diffusion- materials
move from high to low
concentration
– Facilitated diffusiondiffusion through a protein
channel
– Osmosis- diffusion of
water through a
membrane.
Molecules that can move
through the membrane.
• Small and Non-polar
molecules
– Oxygen and carbon
dioxide
• Small polar molecule
– Water
• Small sugars can, but
move across very
slowly
– Glucose
Identify and Describe types of
active and passive transport
• Active Transportrequires energy/ATP!
– EXAMPLES:
– Phagocytosis – intake of
food particles
– Pinocytosis- intake of
fluid
– Endocytosis- general
intake of materials
(usually requires a key or
receptor on outside of cell
– Movement against the
concentration gradient.
EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW
• Hunters on the planet Nefarious
have started to complain to the
Intergalactic Wildlife Foundation
(IWF) that there has been a
dramatic increase in the number of
mutated Mountain Elkdeer since the
IWF began gold mining in the high
altitude environments. The number
of mutated Mountain Elkdeer has
increased from 5 in 2002, and
increased again to 27 in 2008, and
increased yet again to 89 in 2014.
EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW
• Gold mining results in mercury leaching into
the soil and water, greatly contaminating it.
Mountain Elkdeer breed in high altitude
environments and drink from the streams
there. A close cousin, the Plains Elkdeer,
breed in low altitude and drink from lake water,
and show only a few mutations- 2, 3, and 2
respectively in years 2002, 2008 and 2014.
The IWF suspects that the mercury in the soil
is causing newborn Mountain Elkdeer to
become mutated.
How would you study this population?
• This experiment would have to
take place in the field.
– 1. Make yearly observations of both
the Mountain Elkdeer and the
Plains Elkdeer populations for 5-15
years.
– 2. Establish total population
numbers for each species per year.
– 3. Count the number of mutants
occurring in each population.
– 4. Compute the average of mutated
vs. normal elkdeer in each
population.
What did the hunter’s observe
about the Mountain Elkdeer?
• Mountain Elkdeer drink from
streams and have mutated
newborns
• Plains Elkdeer drink from the
lake water and show no
mutations.
• The HUNTER’s observed an
increase in the number of
mutated Mountain Elkdeer
Testable Question
• Does mining and water/soil quality affect the
mutation rates of the Elkdeer?
What would your independent
variable be?
• The independent
variable is something
that the experimenter
can manipulate.
– In this experiment, the
independent variable
would be the mercury
tainted water caused by
mining.
What would your dependent
variable be?
• The dependent
variable is
something the
experimenter will
measure!
– In this experiment,
the scientists are
measuring the rates
of mutation in
Elkdeer.
As a member of the IWF, what
would your hypothesis be?
• The hypothesis would be…
– IF elkdeer drink mercury tainted
water, THEN they will become
mutated.
Data to support hypothesis
• The number of mutated Mountain Elkdeer
has increased an average of 5 in 2002,
and increased again to 27 in 2008, and
increased yet again to 89 in 2014. While
the Plains Elkdeer have no significant
increase in mutation rates.
What control would you have?
• The Plains Elkdeer
drinking regular water,
will be the control of this
experiment.
– They are not receiving the
independent variable (the
mercury tainted water) and
will establish how “normal”
elkdeer are.
What constants would you
have?
• This experiment is
taking place in the field,
so constants would be
difficult to establish.
– However, they may be…
• The use of elkdeer for
both the experimental and
control groups.
• Both groups will be
exposed to a water
source.
GRAPH
Graph
• If you had to
graph the
variables, type of
Elkdeer and
mutations, what
type of
relationship would
be illustrated?
• POSITIVE