Transcript Chemistry of Life

Chemistry of Life
Organic Chemistry
Water
• What do you think makes water so special?
• Liquid at room temperature
• Everyone needs it to survive, You are made
of mostly water
• It floats when it freezes
• Covers 75% of the earth’s surface
Uneven distribution of electrons results in a polar molecule
Hydrogen Bond
A bond formed in polar molecules
Chemical Compounds in Living Things
• Inorganic - Do not contain carbon
– the exception is carbon dioxide
– examples are: water, minerals, sand, stone, salts
• Organic – carbon-containing compounds
Organic Chemistry
• Carbon has the ability
to form covalent
bonds that are strong
and stable
• Carbon can bond to
Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus,
Hydrogen, Sulfur and
more
Organic Chemistry
Can be single,
double or triple
covalent bonds
Can be a ring with
single or double
bonds or both
Functional Groups
• Phosphates
• PO3
Polymerization
• Can have chains of
unlimited length
(polymers)
• large compounds
(polymers) formed by
joining together smaller
compounds (monomer)
Polymerization
Starch
Glucose
Compounds of Life
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Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats (lipids)
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Powerful Stuff
Carbohydrates
Sugars and Starches
• Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1
ratio
• Simplest is Monosaccharides – simple sugars
• Glucose, galactose, fructose
• C6H12O6
• What makes them different is the arrangement of
atoms
• Sugars contain lots of energy (stored in the bonds)
Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration Synthesis
• 2 or more monosaccharides combine to form a larger
molecule (polymerize)
• Join at OH groups of each molecule. One OH from one
molecule combines with the H of another. What is it
called when you take the water out of something?
Dehydration.
• Synthesis is “Putting together”. Dehydration Synthesis
is putting two molecules (in this case simple sugars)
together and forming a complex molecule (in this case
sugar).
• Monosaccharides are put together forming
Disaccharides
• Table Sugar (sucrose) is a disaccharide.
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
• Split apart polysaccharides
• Reverse of dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides
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Putting together many monosaccharides
Storage of sugars
Starch (Plant)
Glycogen (Animals)
Lipids
Phat!
Lipids
• Waxy, Oily
• 3 Functions:
– store energy
– form membranes
– chemical messengers
Lipids
• Fatty Acids and Glycerol = lipid
• Fatty acids are long chains of hydrogen and
carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end.
• Glycerol – organic alcohol – 3C each attached
to a hydroxyl group (-OH) - Triglyceride
• Adding two or three fatty acids to glycerol
forms many lipids.
Lipids
• Saturated and Unsaturated Lipids
• Saturated – every carbon is attached to another
carbon with a single bond – it has the maximum # of
Hydrogen atoms
• Unsaturated – If any of the C are bonded with a
double bond, the fatty acid is unsaturated
• Polyunsaturated – If the fatty acid contains several
double bonds, it is polyunsaturated
Lipids
Arrangement
Characteristics
Saturated
No Double Bonds
Solid at room Temp
From meats & dairy
Unsaturated
One double bond
Polyunsaturated Several double bonds
Liquid at room temp
Cooking oils
Good for you
Lipids
• Phospholipids – double ended molecule – one
side dissolves in water the other side does not.
• Forms Cell Membranes
• Cholesterol is a sterol (type of lipid) –
Important in cell membranes (keeps
phospholipids from sticking together)
• excess cholesterol is a risk factor of heart
disease (clogs arteries)
Proteins
The meat of the matter!
Amino Acids
• Nitrogen containing
• Polymers of amino acids
Peptides
• Bond that joins two amino acids is called a
Peptide Bond.
• Water molecule formed when peptide bond
forms
• What do we call this? … Dehydration
Synthesis
Peptide Bonds
Peptide Bond
Polypeptides
• Polypeptide – long chain of peptides
• One or more polypeptide chains, and
sometimes other chemical groups, form a
Protein.
• Proteins are important for various reasons:
– Help carry out chemical reactions
– Pump small molecules out of cells
– Ability of cells to move
Enzymes
Make it happen!
Nucleic Acids
Its all in the genes
Nucleic Acids
• RNA and DNA
• Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus
atoms
• Polymers of nucleotides
• Nucleotides are 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group,
and a nitrogenous base.
• Nucleotides can be linked together to form
polynucleotide.
• Store and transmit genetic information
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids