Excrete waste material
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Transcript Excrete waste material
بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم
Nutrition in Kidney Diseases
Functions of Kidney
Excrete waste material: end products of
protein metabolism (urea, uric acid,
creatinine, ammonia, and sulfates), excess
water and nutrients, dead renal cells, and
toxic substances
Electrolyte balance
Hormonal regulation
Blood pressure regulation
Glucose homeostatis
ETIOLOGY
Diabetes mellitus (28%)
Hypertension (25%)
Glomerulonephritis (21%)
Polycystic Kidney Diease (4%)
Other (23%): Obstruction, infection, etc.
Primary Diagnoses for
Patients Who Start Dialysis
Other
10%
Diabetes
Glomerulonephritis
50%
13%
Hypertension
27%
United States Renal Data System
(USRDS) 2000 Annual Data Report •
WWW.USRDS.ORG
www.hypertensiononline.org 8
Chronic Renal Failure
Develops slowly, number of functioning nephrons
constantly diminishing.
Uremia is a result
Symptoms:nausea, headache, coma, convulsions.
Severe renal failure will result in death unless
dialysis used.
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Clinical pathophysioloy
Metabolic acidosis: result in;
– Muscle breakdown
– Bone dissolving
Hyperkalemia
Hypertension
Negative N balance
Insulin resistance
Hyperphosphatemia
Anemia
Progression of chronic renal failure
Factors causing progression
sustaining primary disease
systemic hypertension
Intraglomerular hypertension
Proteinuria
Nephrocalcinosis
Dyslipidaemia
Imbalance between renal energy demands
and supply
CRF
Reversible factors in CRF
Hypertension
Reduced renal perfusion (renal artery stenosis,
hypotension , sodium and water depletion, poor
cardiac function)
Urinary tract obstruction
Infection
Nephrotoxic medications
Metabolic factors(calcium phosphate products )
Slowing the Progression of Chronic
Renal Failure
Control BP to <130 /80
Diet
Anaemia
Calcium and Phosphate
Dyslipidaemia
Obesity
Smoking Cessation
Dietary Treatment of Renal
Disease
Extremely
complicated.
Intended to reduce the amount of excretory work
demanded of the kidneys while helping them
maintain fluid, acid-base, and electrolyte balance.
In CRF may have protein, sodium, potassium
and phosphorus restricted.
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Dietary Treatment of Renal
Disease
Sufficient
calories necessary: 25 to 50 kcal per
kilogram of body weight.
Energy requirements should be fulfilled by
carbohydrates and fat.
Protein increases the amount of nitrogen waste
the kidneys must handle.
Diet may limit protein to 40 grams( at least 0.5 g/kg
) based on glomerular filtration rate and weight.
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CRF
Diet therapy
Protein restriction (0.5-0.8mg/kg/d)
Adequte intake of calories(30-35kcal/kg/d)
Fluid intake:urine volume +500ml
Low phosphate diet(600-1000mg/d)
Supplement of EAA(ketosteril)
Fluid
Unrestricted until urine output declines
Urine output plus 1000 cc/d
Evaluate effect on blood pressure and
cardiac function
Sodium
Sodium
2-4 g/d (43 mEq = 1 g)
Variable with urine output and disease
etiology
Evaluate effect on hypertension control and
cardiac function
Potassium
Accumulates in CKD stage 5
Hyperkalemia →cardiac danger
Restrict to 2-4g/d (26 mEq=1g)
Hyperkalemia & EKG
K > 5.5 -6
Tall, peaked T’s
Wide QRS
Prolong PR
Diminished P
Prolonged QT
QRS-T merge – sine
wave
Hyperkalemia Symptoms
Weakness
Lethargy
Muscle cramps
Paresthesias
Hypoactive DTRs
Dysrhythmias
Nutrition Implications of ARF
ARF causes anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
bleeding
ARF causes rapid nitrogen loss and lean
body mass loss (hypercatabolism)
ARF causes ↑ gluconeogenesis with
insulin resistance
Dialysis causes loss of amino acids and
protein
Uremia toxins cause impaired glucose
utilization and protein synthesis
Treatment Goals for
Renal Failure
Correct electrolytes
Control acidosis
Treat significant hyperphosphatemia
Treat symptomatic anemia
Initiate dialysis for hyperkalemia or acidosis not
controlled, fluid overload, ↑ in BUN>20 mg/dl/24
hours or BUN>100 mg/dl
Evaluate drugs for renal effect
Avoid/treat infection
Vitamins in ARF
Vitamin A: elevated vitamin A levels are known
to occur with RF
Vitamin B – prevent B6 deficiency by giving 10
mg pyridoxine hydrochloride/day
Folate and B6: supplement when homocysteine
levels are high
Vitamin C: <200 mg/day to prevent ↑ oxalate
Activated vitamin D
Vitamin K: give Vitamin K especially to pts on
antibiotics that suppress gut production of K
Minerals in RF
↑ potassium, magnesium, and phos occur
often due to ↓ renal clearance and ↑
protein catabolism
↓ potassium, mg and phos can occur with
refeeding
CRRT pts can have ↓ K+, phos
Mg deficiency can cause K+ deficiency
resistant to supplementation
Vitamin C, copper, chromium lost with
CVVH
Fluid in ARF
Depends on residual renal function, fluid
and sodium status, other losses
Usually 500 mL/day + urine output
Target Lipid Levels
Chol
LDL
HDL
TG
Best
<200 gm/dl
<100
>40
<150
Borderline
200-239
100-159
<40
150-159
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Dialysis
Done be either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
Hemodialysis requires permanent access to the
bloodstream through a fistula.
Hemodialysis is done 3 times a week for 3-5 hours
at a time.
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Dialysis
Peritoneal dialysis makes use of the peritoneal
cavity.
Less efficient than hemodialysis.
Treatments usually last about 10 to 12 hours a
day, 3 times a week.
Complications include peritonitis, hypotension,
weight gain.
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Diet During Dialysis
Dialysis clients may need additional protein.
Amount must be carefully controlled.
Hemodialysis: 1.0 to 1.2g/kg of protein to make up
for losses during dialysis.
Peritoneal dialysis: 1.2 to 1.5g/kg protein.
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Diet During Dialysis
75% of this protein should be high biological value
(HBV) protein, found in eggs, meat, fish, poultry,
milk, and cheese.
Potassium is usually restricted.
A typical renal diet could be written as “80-3-3”
which means 80g protein, 3g sodium, and 3g
potassium daily.
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