Transcript Classification Powerpoint

Today’s Flash back – Thursday 4/16/15
1. Which organism is an
invertebrate?
a. human
c. jellyfish
b. dog
d. bear
2. If an organism can make its own
food, it is called ___________?
a. autotrophic
c. heterotrophic
b. omnivore
d. carnivore
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Classification
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Each living thing must have most of
the following:
• Ability to MOVE around from place to
place, or make things inside it move
around
• EAT to get energy to breathe, move, and
grow
• Made of a CELL or CELLS
• GROW during its lifetime
• REPRODUCE to make the next
generation
• CHANGE as it reacts to the environment
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•There are 13 billion known
species of organisms
•This is only 5% of all
organisms that ever lived!!!!!
•New organisms
Species of Organisms
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What is Classification?
Classification is the
arrangement of organisms into
orderly groups based on their
similarities
Classification is also known as
taxonomy
Taxonomists are scientists that
identify & name organisms
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Benefits of Classifying
•organisms
Accurately & uniformly names
•starfish
Prevents misnomers such as
& jellyfish that aren't
really fish
Uses same language (Latin or
some Greek) for all names
•
Sea”horse”??
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Confusion in Using Different
Languages for Names
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Latin Names are Understood by
all Taxonomists
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C
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o
l
u
s
L
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a
e
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s
1707 – 1778
• 18th century
taxonomist
• Classified
•
organisms by
their structure
Developed
naming system
still used
today
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C
a
r
o
l
u
s
L
i
n
n
a
e
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•Called the “Father of
Taxonomy”
•
Developed the modern
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Friday’s Flash Back – 4/17/15
C.
A.
B.
Which TWO are more closely related? Explain Why…
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Standardized Naming
•Binomial
nomenclature used
•Genus species
•Latin or Greek
•Italicized in print
•Capitalize genus,
but NOT species
•Underline when
Turdus migratorius
writing
American Robin
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Classification Groups
• Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a
•
•
category into which related
organisms are placed
There is a hierarchy of groups
(taxa) from broadest to most
specific
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, species
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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
BROADEST TAXON
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (Division – used for plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Most
Specific
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Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria can live in many places on earth, inhabiting
a wide variety of habitats, including other
organisms
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
•
•
•
Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria come in
different shapes,
such as round,
spiral and rodshaped.
Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria can cause a wide variety of
diseases, such as strep throat, food
poisoning and the Black Death (bubonic
plague of the Middle Ages)
Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria also play
an important role
in decomposition,
nitrogen fixation
and human
digestion (E. coli)
Soybean root
containing billions of
bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Procholorococcus
an autotrophic
bacterium – What
does that mean
about how it gets
its nutrients?
Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria from an
Nitrifying Trickle
Filter (NTF) stained
with acridene
orange. The stain
makes
DNA appear yellow
and
RNA appear orange.
Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Bacteria that live in extreme
•
•
•
•
habitats, such as hot springs,
geysers, volcanic hot pools, brine
pools, black smokers
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Cell walls
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Morning Glory Pool in Yellowstone National Park –
note the bright colors from the archaebacteria
growing in the extremely hot water.
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Some like it hot! Bacillus infernus
Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Archaebacteria can
•
live deep in the
ocean near
geothermal vents
called black
smokers
There is no light,
so they carry out
chemosynthesis
instead of
photosynthesis
Kingdom Protista
• Extremely diverse group
• Eukaryotic
• Most unicellular, some colonial,
some multicellular
• Autotrophic and heterotrophic
• Some with cell walls containing
cellulose; some carry out
photosynthesis with chloroplasts
Kingdom Protista
Euglena - autotrophic
Volvox – a colonial protist
A slime mold
Amoeba -
Kingdom Fungi
Stilton
cheese
Bread mold
Kingdom Plantae
• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Autotrophic
• Cell wall of cellulose; chloroplasts
present
Kingdom Animalia
•Eukaryotic
•Multicellular
•Heterotrophic
•No cell walls, no chloroplasts
Kingdom Animalia
Flatworm
Sponge
Jellyfish
Octopus
Coral snake
Bear
Basis for Modern Taxonomy
•Homologous structures (same
structure, different
function)
Similar embryo development
Molecular Similarity in DNA,
RNA, or amino acid sequence
of Proteins
•
•
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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows
Similarities in mammals.
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Similarities in Vertebrate
Embryos
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Cladogram
Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on shared, derived characteristics
such as feathers, hair, or scales
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Primate
Cladogram
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Dichotomous Keying
•Used to identify organisms
•Characteristics given in
pairs
•Read both characteristics
and either go to another
set of characteristics OR
identify the organism
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Example of Dichotomous Key
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
Tentacles present – Go to 2
Tentacles absent – Go to 3
Eight Tentacles – Octopus
More than 8 tentacles – 3
Tentacles hang down – go to 4
Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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Domains
• Broadest, most inclusive taxon
• Three domains
• Archaea and Bacteria are
•
unicellular prokaryotes (no
nucleus or membrane-bound
organelles)
Eukarya are more complex and
have a nucleus and membranebound organelles
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ARCHAEA
• Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA
• Probably the 1 cells to evolve
• Live in HARSH environments
• Found in:
–Sewage Treatment Plants
(Methanogens)
–Thermal or Volcanic Vents
(Thermophiles)
–Hot Springs or Geysers that are
acid
–Very salty water (Dead Sea;
st
Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles
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ARCHAEAN
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BACTERIA
• Kingdom - EUBACTERIA
• Some may cause DISEASE
• Found in ALL HABITATS except
harsh ones
• Important decomposers for
environment
• Commercially important in making
cottage cheese, yogurt,
buttermilk, etc.
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Live in the intestines of animals
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Domain Eukarya is Divided
into Kingdoms
•Protista (protozoans,
algae…)
•Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)
•Plantae (multicellular plants)
•Animalia (multicellular
animals)
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•Most are
unicellular
•Some are
multicellular
•Some are
Protista
autotrophic, while
others are
heterotrophic
Aquatic
•
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Fungi
• Multicellular,
except yeast
• Absorptive
•
heterotrophs
(digest food
outside their
body & then
absorb it)
Cell walls
made of chitin
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Plantae
•Multicellular
•Autotrophic
•Absorb sunlight
to make glucose –
Photosynthesis
Cell walls made of
cellulose
•
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• Multicellular
• Ingestive
•
Animalia
heterotrophs
(consume food
& digest it
inside their
bodies)
Feed on plants
or animals
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