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Curriculum Standards • National: Content Standard B Physical Science: Structure and properties of matter • Carbon atoms can bond to one another in chains, rings, and branching networks to form a variety of structures, including synthetic polymers, oils, and the large molecules essential to life. (5C) • Florida: SC.912.L.17.11 Describe the properties of the carbon atom that make the diversity of carbon compounds possible. Curriculum Objectives for 8.05 Honors • Objectives (includes higher-order thinking): – Define organic chemistry – Explain and identify different organic molecules and organic functional groups – Name organic molecules Vocabulary (Literacy Skill) Definition of organic chemistry---molecule that has Carbon Carbon is in many things (you, rocks, fossil fuels, etc.). Carbon has four valence electrons. Hydrocarbon---has only carbon and hydrogen Example: CH4 Vocabulary: Prefixes (Literacy Skill) Example: pentane (5 carbons) Vocabulary: Suffix/Endings (Literacy Skill) • Alkanes: Alkanes are hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen) that contain only single bonds between the carbon atoms, no multiple (double or triple) bonds. Alkanes are named with an –ane ending (pentane). • Alkenes: Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond in the carbon chain. Alkenes are named with an –ene ending (pentene). • Alkynes: Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one triple bond in the carbon chain. Alkynes are named with a –yne ending (pentyne). Diagrams: Functional Groups Alcohol (carbon to hydroxyl group of OH) Ethers have oxygen between two carbon atoms Amine is a nitrogen bonded to one, two or three carbons Diagrams: Functional Groups The carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O). Depending on WHERE the carbonyl group appears on the organic compound and what else is bonded to it, the compound may fall into the category of ketone, aldehyde, amide, carboxylic acid, or ester. Ketone has a carbonyl (C=O) between two carbon atoms Aldehyde has a carbonyl (C=O) between one carbon and one hydrogen. The bottom picture is an exception: formaldehyde has a carbonyl (C=O) between two hydrogen atoms. Fragrant, pleasant smell (lemons, etc.). Exception Diagrams: Functional Groups Amide has a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a nitrogen. Carboxylic acid has a carbonyl (C=O) bonded to a hydroxyl (OH) Ester has a carbonyl (C=O) bonded to a carbon on one side and a O-C on the other side. Many artificial flavors. Vocabulary Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates are often made up of aldehydes or ketones bonded together in more complex structures, and they have the empirical formula of CH2O. Carbohydrates are the structural elements in the cell walls of bacteria and plants and exoskeletons of invertebrates, and they serve as energy storage. Carbohydrates are the starting materials for many organic compounds like fats and amino acids. Example: Glucose C6H12O6 Polymers are extremely long molecule chains that consist of repeated molecular units called monomers. Each monomer can be made up of anywhere from four to 100 atoms, and when chained together they can form polymers made up of hundreds or thousands of atoms total. These polymer molecules are still too small to be seen with the unaided eye, which is another reminder of just how small atoms really are! Human-made polymers, called synthetic polymers, are commonly known as plastics and have a wide variety of uses. Nylon, polystyrene, polypropylene, and PVC are examples of synthetic polymers. In the United States, synthetic polymers have surpassed steel as the most widely used material. 1. Scaffolding: Breaking directions into easier steps (Literacy Skill) Steps to naming organic compounds Find the longest (parent) chain (if there is a multiple bond, the multiple bond must be in the longest chain and you will start numbering from the side that gives the multiple bond the smallest number). Be careful---the longest chain might not be a straight chain (it might wind around). 2. If there is no multiple bond, start numbering the longest chain near the branching (lower number near the branch). If there is a multiple bond and each side is equidistant, then start numbering where the functional group will have the lowest number. 3. Functional group comes off the parent chain. Functional group (branch) will have “yl” ending (methyl). Structure for naming answer: Number of branch location – name of branch –root name of parent chain with -ane ending Number of branch location – name of branch – number of bond location – root name of parent chain with -ene ending Number of branch location – name of branch – number of bond location – root name of parent chain with -yne ending Practice Naming (all single bonds) Description: Number the longest chain, the functional group (branch) has the smallest number possible, all single bonds (ane ending), the number shows the location of the functional group, name the functional group (branch) Summary: Number of branch location – name of branch –root name of parent chain with -ane ending Practice Naming (double bond) Description: Number the longest chain, the multiple bond has the lowest number possible, one double bond (ene ending), the first number shows the location of the functional group and the second number shows the location of the double bond, name the functional group (branch) Summary: Number of branch location – name of branch – number of bond location – root name of parent chain with -ene ending Practice Naming (triple bond) Description: Number the longest chain, the multiple bond has the lowest number possible, one triple bond (yne ending), the first number shows the location of the functional group and the second number shows the location of the triple bond, name the functional group (branch) Summary: Number of branch location – name of branch – number of bond location – root name of parent chain with -yne ending Practice Naming Number the longest chain, the multiple bond has the lowest number possible, one triple bond (yne ending), here there is no functional group (everything is in the longest chain) so you only number the location of the triple bond. Summary: Number of branch location – name of branch – number of bond location – root name of parent chain with -yne ending Practice Naming • How many total carbons are in 2-methyl-2-butene? Butene (how many carbons in longest chain)? Methyl (how many carbons in functional group)? Add them together to get total carbons in this molecule. Woohoo! • Now it is your turn to complete the practice problems in the 8.05 Honors lesson before submitting the 8.05 Honors assessment. • Feel free to watch this tutorial again and attend tutoring. Remember, you may resubmit 8.05 Honors until you master this topic. • Please review this tutorial for the module 8 honors exam and the final exam. • Have a wonderful day!