Transcript History and evolution of the revised draft guidelines on BAT

Updates on international
efforts for risk reduction
of PFCs
Kei Ohno
Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention
[email protected]
Stockholm Convention
Objective:
To protect human health and the environment
from persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
Listed 21 POPs
Annex A (Elimination)
• Pesticides: Aldrin, alpha HCH, beta HCH, chlordane,
chlordecone, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, lindane, mirex,
toxaphene
• Industrial chemicals: hexachlorobenzene, PCBs,
hexabromobiphenyl, hexa and hepta BDEs, tetra and
penta BDEs, pentachlorobenzene,
Annex B (Restriction)
• Pesticides: DDT
• Industrial chemicals: Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
(PFOS), its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride
(PFOSF)
Annex C (Unintentional production)
Obligations for listed POPs
• Implement control measures
• If no alternatives, register specific exemptions,
acceptable purposes
• Develop and implement Action Plans for
unintentional POPs
• Develop inventories of the stockpiles
• Review and update National Implementation Plan
• Conduct monitoring for effectiveness evaluation
Acceptable purposes for PFOS
1. Photo imaging
2. Photo resist and anti-reflective coatings for semiconductors
3. Etching agent for compound semi-conductors and
ceramic filters
4. Aviation hydraulic fluids
5. Metal plating only in closed-loop systems
6. Certain medical devices (e.g. ETFE layers, radio-opaque
ETFE, in vitro diagnostic medical devices, CCD colour
filters)
7. Fire fighting foam
8. Insect baits for control of leaf-cutting ants.
Specific exemptions for PFOS
1. Photo masks in the semiconductor and LCD industries
2. Metal plating (decorative and hard)
3. Electric and electronic parts for some colour printers and
colour copy machines
4. Insecticides for control of red imported fire ants and termites
5. Chemically driven oil production
6. Carpets
7. Leather and apparel
8. Textiles and upholstery
9. Paper and packaging
10.Coatings and coating additives
11.Rubber and plastics
Risk management evaluation
document for PFOS (2007 and 2008)
UNEP/POPS/POPRC.3/20/Add.5 and
UNEP/POPS/POPRC.4/15/Add.6
Information gathered in accordance with Annex F
• Efficacy and efficiency of possible control measures
• Alternatives (costs, risks, efficacy, accessibility)
• Positive/negative impacts of control measures on health,
agriculture, biota, economic aspects, social costs
• Waste, disposal implications, stockpiles
• Access to information and public education
• Status of control and monitoring capacity
• Any national or regional control actions
General guidance on consideration for
identification of alternatives (2009)
UNEP/POPS/POPRC.5/10/Add.1
Collection of use and emission information on chemicals
Consultation to define a chemical’s use
Description of the chemical’s existing use and functionality
Information on release into the environment
Identification of alternatives
Identification of potential alternatives
Assessment of availability, technical feasibility, accessibility and efficacy of alternatives
POPs screening
criteria
Assessment of risk related to alternatives
Hazardous
Non-chemical
Verification of controls in
properties
alternatives
other jurisdictions
Social and economic assessment of alternatives
Evaluation of alternatives
Guidance on alternatives to perfluorooctane
sulfonate and its derivatives (2010)
To be published in UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/13/Add.3
(UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/INF/8 revised at POPRC6)
Objectives of the study:
• To summarize what is currently known about
alternatives to PFOS, its salts, and PFOSF
• To enhance the capacity of developing countries and
countries with economies in transition to phase-out
PFOS
Section II. Characteristics of PFOS and its
derivatives
PFOS substances mentioned in Annex B
CAS No:
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
1763-23-1
Potassium perfluorooctane sulfonate
2795-39-3
Lithium perfluorooctane sulfonate
29457-72-5
Ammonium perfluorooctane sulfonate
29081-56-9
Diethanolammonium perfluorooctane sulfonate
70225-14-8
Perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride
307-35-7
Tetraethylammonium perfluorooctane sulfonate
56773-42-3
Di(decyl)di(methyl)ammonium perfluorooctane sulfonate
2551099-16-8
More complex PFOS precursors are often used.
These derivatives are covered through the listing of
PFOSF, the basic material for their manufacture.
Section III. Alternatives to the use of PFOS
(1)
Use area
Use of PFOS-related substances
Alternatives used
Impregnation of textiles,
leather and carpets
PFOS-related substances have
been phased out in most OECD
countries.
Other fluorinated compounds, like C6fluorotelomers and PFBS, silicone-based
products, stearamidomethyl pyridine
chloride
Impregnation of paper
and cardboard
PFOS-related substances have
been phased out in most OECD
countries.
Fluorotelomer-based substances and
phosphates, mechanical processes
Cleaning agents, waxes/
polishes for cars and
floors
PFOS-related substances have
been phased out in most OECD
countries.
Fluorotelomer-based substances,
fluorinated polyethers, C4-perfluorinated
compounds
Surface coatings, paint
and varnish
PFOS-related substances have
been phased out in most OECD
countries.
Telomer-based compounds, fluorinated
polyethers, PFBS, propylated aromatics,
silicone surfactants, sulfosuccinates,
polypropylene glycol ethers
Oil production and
mining
PFOS derivatives may
occasionally be used as
surfactants in the oil and mining
industries.
PFBS, telomer-based fluorosurfactants,
perfluoroalkyl-substituted amines, acids,
amino acids and thioether acids
Section III. Alternatives to the use of PFOS
(2)
Use area
Use of PFOS-related substances
Alternatives used
Photographic industry
A shift to digital techniques has
reduced the use drastically.
Telomer-based surfactants products,
hydrocarbon surfactants, silicone
products, C3-C4-fluorinated chemicals
Electrical and electronic
parts
PFOS-based chemicals are or
have been used in the
manufacturing of digital cameras,
mobile phones, printers, scanners,
satellite communication and radar
systems, etc.
For most of these uses, alternatives are
available or are under development.
Semiconductor industry
PFOS is still used but in lower
concentrations.
No substitutes with comparable
effectiveness have been identified, and
doing so may take up to 5 years,
according to the industry. It should be
possible to use PFBS, fluorinated
polyethers or telomers.
Pesticides
Sulfluramid is used in some
countries as an active substance
and surfactant in pesticide
products for termites, cockroaches
and other insects. Other
fluorosurfactants may be used as
“inert” surfactants in other
pesticide products.
Synthetic piperonyl compounds such as
S-Methoprene, Pyriproxyfen, Fipronil and
Chlorpyrifos are alternative active
substances, sometimes used in
combination.
Alternative surfactants may exist.
Section III. Alternatives to the use of PFOS
(3)
Use area
Use of PFOS-related substances
Alternatives used
Aviation hydraulic oils
PFOS-related compounds may
still be used.
Other fluorinated substances and
phosphate compounds could be used.
Medical devices
Old video endoscopes at hospitals
contain a CCD colour filter that
contains a small amount of PFOS.
PFOS is also used as an effective
dispersant for contrast agents in
radio-opaque catheters.
Repairing such video endoscopes
requires a CCD colour filter containing
PFOS. New CCD filters are PFOS-free.
For radio-opaque ethylene
tetrafluoroethylene, PFBS can replace
PFOS.
Metal plating
PFOS-compounds are still used in
hard chrome plating.
Cr-III has replaced Cr-VI in
decorative chrome plating.
Some non-fluorinated alternatives are
marketed but they are not considered
equally effective in hard chrome plating. A
C6-fluortelomer is used as a substitute
and may be effective. PFBS derivatives
may also be used. Physical barriers may
also apply.
Fire-fighting foams
The use of PFOS-related
substances in new products has
been phased out in most OECD
countries. Stocks are still being
used up.
C6– fluorotelomers are used as
substitutes in new products; fluorine-free
alternatives are used for training
exercises and possibly in other settings
than offshore.
Section IV: Properties of alternative
substances and hazard assessment
Brief description of the environmental, safety and health
properties of PFOS alternatives:
1. Shorter-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonates
2. Shorter-chain perfluoroalkyl ketones and ethers
3. Polyfluorodialkyl ether sulfonates
4. Fluorotelomers and fluorophosphates
5. Fluorinated co-polymers
6. Fluorinated polyethers
7. Siloxanes and silicone polymers
8. Propylated aromatics
9. Sulfosuccinates
10.Stearamidomethyl pyridine chloride
11.Polypropylene glycol ether, amines, and sulfates
Section V: Comparative assessment of PFOS
and possible alternatives
Prices of selected basic polyfluorinated laboratory chemicals
Chemical
CAS No:
Molecular
weight
Price in €
per 100 g
Perfluorobutane sulfonyl fluoride (PFBSF)
375-72-4
303.09
136
Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS)
59933-66-3
300.10
1,800
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)
1763-23-1
500.13
1,122
Perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF)
307-35-7
502.12
92
Fluorotelomer 6:2 alcohol
647-42-7
364.10
130
Fluorotelomer 8:2 alcohol
678-39-7
464.12
187
Fluorotelomer 10:2 alcohol
865-86-1
564.14
1,440
Methyl nonafluorobutyl ether
163702-07-6
250.06
745
ABCR 2006–2007 catalogue: Fluorochemicals. Karlsruhe, Germany
Section VI: Conclusions, recommendations
and future developments
1. Low surface tension is the key
2. Substitutes for PFOS are available
3. Need for better alternatives
4. Need for incentives
5. Complex assessment
6. Need for more public data and information on alternatives
7. Need for better communication in the value chain
8. Need for better communication in the value chain
Work programme on newly
listed persistent organic
pollutants (SC-4/19)
Collected information
1. Types and quantities of articles containing PFOS etc.,
concentrations in articles
2. Types of processes using PFOS etc., concentrations,
options for the environmental management
3. Types of articles recycled, the extent of recycling, articles
produced from recycling, options for the environmental
management
4. Cost effectiveness of different management options
5. Sampling and analysis methods
6. Remediation methods for contaminated sites
Recommendations on risk reduction for
PFOS, its salts, and PFOSF by the POPs
Review Committee (POPRC6)
To be published in UNEP/POPS/POPRC.6/13
Recommendations are given in chronological order of the
life cycle, provided in short, medium, and long term
framework.
1. For industrial production, use, and releases and deposits
2. For use of PFOS
3. For PFOS in existing stocks
4. For recycling of PFOS containing articles
5. For PFOS in consumer products deposited on municipal landfills
6. For releases of PFOS from contaminated sites
Short-term recommendations in summary:
a) Identify disposal options in compliance with Stockholm Convention guidelines
for the destruction of PFOS containing waste including sludge and prevent
depositing in landfills;
b) Establish safely storage for indicative PFOS-containing materials and articles
as well as existing stocks;
c) Conduct monitoring of PFOS contamination in the surrounding waters of
landfills with deposits from PFOS producers/users;
d) Assess occupational exposures of staff working in facilities where articles and
wastes potentially containing PFOS are handled;
e) Identify and introduce alternatives to PFOS in open applications and promote
use in closed-loop systems and BAT/BEP in treatment;
f) Gather information on the experiences of the use of PFOS alternatives
including risk assessment of the alternatives;
g) Raise awareness on environmental and human health effects of PFOS and
provide training on appropriate handling of PFOS, including risks caused by
misuse of PFOS containing carpets;
h) Establish a strategy for identifying and monitoring of sites contaminated with
PFOS in accordance with Article 6.
What’s next?
COP 5
25-29 April 2011 in Geneva
For more information:
http://www.pops.int
Contact:
Kei Ohno
Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention
+41 22 917 8201
[email protected]
NOTE: Specific exemptions vs.
acceptable purposes
Annex A with Specific exemptions
• Need to register (except for PCBs)
• Exemption open for 5 years from the date of entry into force
• When all registrations have expired, no new registrations possible
• Exemptions may be extended by the COP based on a report by the
Party justifying the continuing need for the exemption.
Annex B with Specific exemptions and Acceptable purposes
• Specific exemptions: same as Annex A
• Acceptable purpose: need to register, no expiration unless
otherwise decided by the COP
NOTE: Persistent Organic Pollutants
Review Committee (POPRC)
• Subsidiary body to the Convention, mandated to
review proposals submitted by Parties for listing
new chemicals in Annex A, B, or C.
• 31 government-designated members
• Terms of reference, conflict of interest
procedure: SC-1/7,SC-1/8, SC-4/20