Transcript ATP
Molecules of Life Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Macromolecules aka: Biomolecules The Molecules of Life! Macromolecules are… • Large polymers (poly=many) • Built by monomers (mono = one) • 4 main classes (examples of carbon based biomolecules) – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic Acids Why do we eat? • We eat to take in more of these chemicals – Food for building materials • to make more of us (cells) • for growth • for repair – Food to make energy • calories • to make ATP ATP How do we make these molecules? We build them! 2006-2007 Building large molecules of life • Chain together smaller molecules – building block molecules = monomers • Big molecules built from little molecules – polymers Building large organic molecules • Small molecules = building blocks • Bond them together = polymers How to build large molecules • Synthesis – building bigger molecules from smaller molecules – building cells & bodies • repair • growth • reproduction + ATP You gotta How to build a polymer be open to “bonding! • Synthesis – joins monomers by “taking” H2O out • one monomer donates OH– • other monomer donates H+ • together these form H2O H 2O – requires energy & enzymes HO H Dehydration synthesis HO H enzyme Condensation reaction HO H How to take large molecules apart • Digestion – taking big molecules apart – getting raw materials • for synthesis & growth – making energy (ATP) • for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP How to break down a polymer Breaking up is hard to do! • Digestion – use H2O to breakdown polymers • reverse of dehydration synthesis • cleave off one monomer at a time • H2O is split into H+ and OH– – H+ & OH– attach to ends – requires enzymes – releases energy HO H2O enzyme H Hydrolysis Digestion HO H HO H Example of digestion ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP starch ATP glucose ATP • Starch is digested to glucose Example of synthesis amino acids protein Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids amino acids = building block protein = polymer Carbohydrates Fuel and Building Material for Life! Carbohydrates are… Monomer = 1 C: 2 H: 1 O Monosaccharides (simple sugars) • Most abundant carbon compounds found in living things • Sugars (example) = quick energy • Monosaccharides- simple sugars » Glucose C6H12O6 • Disaccharides- sugars built of 2 monosaccharides » Sucrose+Fructose Carbos cont… • Starch (example) = Polysaccharides: act as nutrient storage-and form structural components of living things • Glycogen- stores glucose in muscle tissue for quick energy • Cellulose- provides rigid structure »Cell wall of plant cells CELL WALL Monomer: C, H, O - Glycerol and fatty acids LIPIDS • Fats: gylcerol and fatty acids – Saturated • Solidifies- bad • Ex: animal fat and butter – Unsaturated • No solidification- good • Ex: vegetable oils – Fats are used for energy storage • Long-term food reserves stored in adipose (fat)cells Lipids cont… • Fat (adipose) provides insulation for warmth I’m – Whales, seals Fat! • Fat provides cushioning for organs Fat Cells (adipose) Lipids cont… • Phospholipids – Make up cell membranes The bilayer forms a boundary between the cell and the external environment. Phospholipid Bilayer Proteins The Ultimate Polymer! Proteins… • Monomer: C,H,O,N – Amino acids 20 different amino acids Amino group: NH2 Carboxyl group: -COOH Protein Structure • 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bond –Hence the other name for a protein: polypeptide chain Structure=Function • Protein’s specific structure (shape) determines it’s duties (job) Four levels of organizations Types of Proteins • *Structural Defensive – Support -Antibodies • Storage – Embryo food • *Transport – In and out of cell • Receptors – Drugs *Enzymes -catalysts Hormones -messages *Contractile -muscles Examples of proteins • • • • Protein channels in cell membrane Keratin: in fingernails and hair Muscle fibers Lactase Nucleic Acids Informational Polymers Nucleic Acids • 2 types – DNA-double-stranded • Genetic material – Inherited from parents – RNA-single-stranded • Controls protein synthesis • Nucleic acids work together to – Build proteins Monomer: Nucleotides C,H,O,N,P pentose sugar phospate nitrogen base