Transcript MACROMOLECULES

Poly
– Many
Mono-One
Hydro-Water (actually
Greek)
Synthesis- to make or
form
Lysis-loosen; break
apart
Lipos - fat
 Life
as we know it is
carbon based.
 A carbon atom can form
chemical bonds with other
carbon atoms in long
chains or rings.
 Carbon
compounds in living things include:
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.
City
Cell
Building
Organelle
Brick
Macromolecule
(polymer)
mud
monomer
POLYMER
MONOMER
Carbohydrates
(Polysaccharides)
Lipids (e.g. fats)
Protein
Monosaccharides
(simple sugars)
Glycerol and Fatty
Acids
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
The
chemical process of joining
monomers to form polymers. At the end
of each monomer is a (H) hydrogen atom
and a (-OH) group. Every time a
monomer is added a molecule of water is
given off.
The
chemical breakdown of
polymers into monomers through the
addition of water; essentially the
opposite of dehydration synthesis
 Carbohydrates
are energyrich compounds made
from carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen.
 Cells use carbohydrates to
get and store energy.
 Carbohydrates are also
called sugars or starches.
Structure- ring-shaped
molecule
FUNCTION
Quick and short term energy
FOUND IN
Breads, Pastas, Potatoes, Corn
STUCTURE
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
(CHO) Unique because they always
have two hydrogen for every one
oxygen (hydrate-like water H20)
MONOSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES Glucose (C6H12O6)
DISACCHARIDE EXAMPLES
Lactose (milk sugar)
Maltose (malt sugar-in grain),
Sucrose (made of fructose & maltose
combined-in sugar cane)-fruit
(C12H22O11)
100 to 1000 monosaccharides joined
POLYSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES
Starch-how carbohydrates are stored
in plants
Glycogen-how carbohydrates are
stored in animals
Cellulose-found in plant cell walls;
animals cannot digest (Fiber)
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
 Lipids
are made by cells
to store energy for long
periods of time.
 Lipids include fats, oils,
and waxes.
Can you think of examples of
lipids in plants or animals?
FUNCTION
Long term energy storage
Insulate against heat loss
Protective cushion around organs
FOUND IN
Fatty foods, butter, margarine,
cooking oils
STUCTURE
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
(on occasion other elements)
Glycerol (backbone 3 Carbons with OH groups) and fatty acid tail/s
Don’t dissolve in water
FATS and OILS (Triglycerides) One glycerol with 3 fatty acid tail
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
WAXES
STEROIDS
Make up cell membranes contain C,H,
O and phosphorus (2 fatty acid tails)
Only 1 fatty acid tail with alcohol
attached; protective coating on fruits
etc.
Includes cholesterol, female and male
sex hormone
GLYCEROL BACKBONE
3 FATTY ACID TAILS
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
 Proteins
are very
large molecules
made of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and
sometimes sulfur.
 Protein molecules
are made of smaller
molecules called
amino acids.
FUNCTION
Building blocks of living materials;
compose structural parts such as
keratin in hair and nails, antibodies,
cartilage, bones, ligaments and
enzymes (compounds that speed up
reactions)
FOUND IN
Meat, Eggs and Cheese
STUCTURE
Much larger, more complex than
carbohydrates and lipids . Contain
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen.
BUILDING BLOCKS
Amino Acids (There are 20 different
amino acids)
Hold amino acids together
(dipeptides, tripeptides, polypeptides)
PEPTIDE BONDS
DENATURATION
When proteins are exposed to extreme
changes in pH, temperature etc. they
lose their shape and can no longer
function.
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
 Nucleic
acids are compounds made of long,
repeating chains called nucleotides.
 DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the
information cells need to make all of their
proteins.
FUNCTION
Important for growth & reproduction of
cells, contains the genetic code (what
genes are made from)
FOUND IN
Genes – 2 types DNA and RNA
STUCTURE
Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose),
phosphate, nitrogen bases
BUILDING BLOCKS
Nucleotides
ATP
A nucleic acid that is made in the cell’s
mitochondria. Glucose is converted
into ATP.
DNA is known for its twisted ladder
shape
SHAPE
 Some
scientists refer to
DNA as the “blueprints”
for life.
What is a blueprint and
why might scientists use
this “analogy”?
WHAT DO YOU
KNOW?
NOTICE:
C,H,O and
the 2:1 ratio
of H to O
NOTICE:
the twisted
shape of
DNA
NOTICE:
The Glycerol
back bone
and fatty
acid tails
NOTICE:
The amino
acid
monomers
CHROMOSOME
NOTICE:
The
phospate,
sugar and
base
NOTICE:
The
nitrogen
and Rgroup
MACROMOLECULE FOLDABLE
Fold and cut a piece of paper as shown below to make 4
tabs.
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FRONT SIDE OF TABS:
Tab A
Label the tab PROTEIN in RED
Write the name of its monomer and draw
color one.
TAB B
Label the tab CARBOHYDRATE in BLUE
Write the name of its monomer and draw
color one
TAB C
Label the tab LIPID in GREEN
Write the name of its monomer and draw
color one
TAB D
Label the tab NUCLEIC ACID – a color not
already used
Write the name of its monomer and draw
color one
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BACK SIDE OF TABS:
TAB A
Give 4 FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
List 2 EXAMPLES OF PROTEINS
TAB B
Give 2 FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
List 4 EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATES
TAB C
Give 3 FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS
List 4 EXAMPLES OF LIPIDS
TAB D
Give 2 FUNCTIONS FOR NUCLEIC ACIDS
List 2 EXAMPLES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
ON THE INSIDE CENTER SECTION, center
and write the word MACROMOLECULE
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ON THE BACK OF THE FOLDABLE, write
your NAME and PERIOD.
Make a pocket for this to slide into in your
notebook using paper.
95% of all
compounds are
organic
Example: Glucose
C6H12O6
 Plant
cells store energy as starch.
 Rice, potatoes, and wheat are plant starches.