Transcript Document
Organic chemistry: branch of chemistry focused on hydrocarbons and their by-products Can organic compounds be produced in a lab? Is petroleum an organic compound? Yes and yes! Now we know that organic compounds can be produced without any help from living things Circle items that are made from petroleum Watch the Fuel-less Video. Were there any items that you didn’t know were made from petroleum? hydrocarbons ____________________: compounds made of hydrogen and carbon backbone Organic compounds have a “________________” or carbon atoms linked together to form a chain that other atoms are attached to These hydrocarbon chains have covalent bonds. What is a covalent bond? Fractional Distillation Each compound has unique intermolecular forces that allow it to be separated BP= 59oC Why? BP= 151oC Longer chain, more dispersion forces, stronger intermolecular force, higher boiling point Why? Longer chain, more dispersion forces, stronger intermolecular force, higher viscosity Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes These compounds are named based on: the number of carbon atoms and the type of bond between the carbons. # of C Atoms Prefix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MethEthPropButPentHexHept- OctNon- Dec- Hydrocarbon chain with all SINGLE covalent bonds General Formula: CnH2n+2 Examples: Name Formula Methane CH4 Propane C5H12 Name Formula Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 NAME Pentane FORMULA C5H12 STRUCTURAL FORMULA CONDENSED FORMULA CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 C7H16 An alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon. Saturated means: Each carbon atom is completely surrounded by single covalent bonds. Example: Hydrocarbon chain with at least one DOUBLE bond General Formula: CnH2n Examples: Name Formula Ethene C2H4 Butene C7H14 Hydrocarbon chain with at least one TRIPLE bonds General Formula: CnH2n–2 Examples: Name Formula Propyne C3H4 Pentyne C8H14 Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. Unsaturated means: There is at least one double or triple bond in the molecule, making a carbon have less than four surrounding atoms. Example: Unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive than saturated hydrocarbons. Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Increases in reactivity Compounds that have the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of particles. Isomers of Butane C4H10 NO! Lewis Structures are 2D Models are 3D 2D Representation 3D Representation 1. 2. 3. Draw the Lewis Structure Build the Model Bonds in the plane are straight lines Bonds behind the paper are dotted lines Bonds coming toward you are bolded lines Name Methane Lewis Structure 3D Representation Burning petroleum provides nearly half ___________ of the total U.S. energy needs. fuel Most petroleum is used as a __________. gasoline Converted to ______________, petroleum powers millions of U.S. automobiles. 89 of all petroleum is used as fuel. _____% Only about ___% 7 is used for producing new substances. When hydrocarbons burn, they react with oxygen to form _________________ carbon dioxide gas ___________ water vapor and _______________. How long will it take for natural processes to replace used petroleum fuel? MILLIONS OF YEARS!!! This is because petroleum is a nonrenewable resource. ____________________ Nonrenewable resource Increases CO2 emissions that adds to pollution Commonly known as builder molecules Functional Group: an atom or group of atoms that has characteristic properties to organic compounds Molecule with an –OH group attached to a carbon atom General formula: R-OH Examples: ◦ CH3-OH ◦ CH3CH2-OH Methanol Ethanol Rubbing Alcohol Cough Medicine Hair Gel One oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon chains, one on each end Name ends in “ether” General formula: Example: Dimethyl Ether Some Cosmetics Starter Fluid Anise Seed used for bread and cookies Contains 2 oxygen atoms One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the same carbon atom Name ends in “oic acid” General formula: Example: Ethanoic acid Coconut Some Fruits Vinegar Contains 2 oxygen atoms One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the same carbon atom Name ends in “oate” General formula: Example: Methyl ethanoate Bananas Oranges Flowers Common Petrochemicals: Detergents Pesticides Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics Raw materials for production of other synthetic substances such as plastics ◦ Plastics include: paints, fabrics, rubber, insulation materials, foams, adhesives, molding, and structural materials Reactivity: Single bonds < double bonds < triple bonds Addition reaction: reaction at the double or triple bond within an organic molecule The water molecule “adds” to the doublebonded carbon atoms by placing an H- on one carbon and an –OH group on the other. H H C H + C H H-OH H H H C C H OH H Polymer: large molecule typically composed of 500 – 20,000 or more repeating units These repeating units are called monomers. Polymers formed in this type of reaction are called addition polymers. The atoms which compose the monomers dictate the properties of the polymer. These polymers are often altered to meet a variety of needs and to produce a multitude of products. Structure influences the Function! Condensation Reactions: Involve the loss of simple molecules such as water when monomer units join. The functional groups of the acid and alcohol combine to form a water molecule. The remaining atoms join to form an ester. Synthetic polymers ◦ Nylon ◦ Polyester Natural polymers: ◦ Carbohydrates Starch Cellulose ◦ Fats ◦ Proteins Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Called monosaccharides Contains 5 or 6 carbon atoms What functional group is this? glucose fructose sucrose What does a condensation reaction produce? WATER!! Monomers link together to form polymers. Monosaccharides link together to form polysaccharides. starch Polymer 1 is a ____________. Present in grains and vegetables. Easily digested by the body and can be used for energy. cellulose Polymer 2 is __________. Found in plants and trees. Indigestible carbohydrate which is fiber commonly referred to as ________. Another way to combine C, H, and O atoms What functional group is this? Triglycerides are composed of ◦ one glycerol molecule ◦ three fatty acids What functional groups does glycerol have? Alcohol groups Carboxylic acid Palmitic acid Linoletic acid Carboxylic acid Which fatty acid is saturated? A or B? Which fatty acid is unsaturated? A or B? A B Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid Ester Ester Linkage 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty 1 Triglyceride + 3 Water acids (fat) molecules Since water is formed… what type of reaction is this??? CONDENSATION!! AMINO ACIDS!! Compound with amino group and carboxylic acid group. Amino acids link together to form proteins using peptide bonds Proteins vary from 10 to several thousand amino acids long Two functional groups combine to form a Carboxylic peptide bond. Amino Group Peptide Bond Acid Amino Acid + Amino Acid Peptide + Water Since water is formed… what type of reaction is this??? CONDENSATION!!