Transcript General Biochemistry I CHE 342

BICH411. Biochemistry I
M W 4:00 p.m. – 5:20 p.m.
Dr. Shubo Han
Website:http://faculty.uncfsu.edu/shan/
Phone: 672-1303
Email: [email protected]
Office Hours: MWF 2:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m.
T 11:00am-1:00 pm
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Course Summary
Grading:
Total: 100 points
Three hour exams (10  3)
Homework and quizzes
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30
Final examination
Total 100
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90% - 100%
80% - 89%
70% - 79%
60% - 69%
0% - 59%
A
B
C
D
F
Please check the syllabus from the website of Blackboard.
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Chapter 1
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What is Biochemistry?
Biochemistry is the application of chemistry to the study of
biological processes at the cellular and molecular level.
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What is Biochemistry?
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What Do Biochemists Study?
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Plant
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Urchin
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Cat
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Three Domains of Life
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Eukarya: all macroscopic organisms, including human beings as well
as many microscopic, unicellular organism such as yeast.
The characteristic: a well-defined nucleus within each cell.
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Unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus are prokaryotes,
including
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(1)Bacteria and (2) Archaea.
The Mammalian Cell
Cytoplasm
Lipid
bilayer
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The nucleus contains the cell’s DNA (genome)
Nucleus
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Eukaryotic Cell Structure
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skeletal muscle cell
plant stem cell
Human erythrocytes (red blood cells)
sperm cells
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Molecular Organization of Cells
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Types of molecules in a cell
Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)
Are constructed of four different kinds of monomeric units, the
deoxyribonucleotides, G, A, T, C
Ribonucleic acids (RNA)
Are constructed of four different kinds of monomeric units, the ribonucleotides,
G, A, U, C
Proteins
Are composed of twenty different kinds of monomeric units, the amino acids
Lipids (Fat)
Water insoluble molecule containing fatty acids. Used for membrane structure and
energy storage
Carbohydrates (sugar)
Are constructed of monomeric units called monosaccharides. Also called
polysaccharides.
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Molecular Components of an E. coli Cell
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Cellular Processes
replication
DNA
transcription
RNA
translation
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
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Conclusion:
•(1) Organisms are remarkably uniform at the
molecular level.
•This uniformity reveals that all organisms on earth
have arisen from a common ancestor.
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•(2) All are subject to the same laws of physics and
chemistry.
•Biochemistry is an intellectually coherent and beautiful
discipline because of the underlying unity of life.
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1. DNA
(1) Four simple compounds constructed DNA
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(2) DNA is a linear polymer of 4 kinds of units, each
consisting of the same sugar-phosphate unit, but
with 4 different bases attached: A, C, G, T.
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(3) Two strands combine by noncovalent basepairing of A with T; G with C.
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(4) Facts
a. Most DNA molecules consisted of two strands.
b. This strands arranged in a double helix structure.
c. The double helix structure composed of two
intertwined strands.
• d. In the structure, the sugar-phosphate backbone lies
on the outside and the bases on the inside.
• e. Hydrogen bonds formed between the specific base
pair is the major reason of two strands holding
together.
• f. The hydrogen bonds are weak enough to be
reversibly broken in biochemical process and strong
enough to help stabilize the double helix structure.
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(5) Two properties
A and T forms two hydrogen bonds.
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G and C forms three hydrogen bonds.
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Adenine only binds with Thymine (A-T)
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Guanine only binds with Cytosine (G-C)
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Therefore, One strand determines the other strand. ( Each strand
can be used as a template).
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Same shape and same size, thus fitting neatly within the double
helix.
For above reason DNA is used as a hereditary material.
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2. RNA: RNA is an intermediate in the flow of
genetic information
RNA( ribonucleic Acid)
Similar to DNA
Linear polymer
Sugar ribose, rather than deoxyribose
Uracil instead of thymine
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RNA is templates for protein synthesis
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3. Proteins:
Protein is the primary functional molecules in the
cells.
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3. Proteins:
Facts:
Proteins: structural components of cell, or
enzymes
Proteins are linear polymers, just like DNA and
RNA
Proteins are more complicated.
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3. Proteins:
Protein is the primary functional molecules in the
cells.
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3. Proteins:
Extremely Important property:
•A protein spontaneously folds into a well defined
and elaborate three-dimensional structure.
•This 3-D structure is dictated entirely by the
sequence of amino acids along its chain.
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3. Proteins:
The self-folding nature of proteins constitutes the
transition from the one-dimensional world of sequence
information to the three-dimensional world of biological
function.
Three bases along a DNA chain encode a single amino
acid. (genetic code).
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Questions:
1. DNA is made from _____ building blocks (Bases) .
These blocks are___________________________.
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Questions:
1. DNA is made from __4___ building blocks (Bases) .
These blocks are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and
thymine.
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2. The DNA backbone is made from repeating___________
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2. The DNA backbone is made from repeating sugarphosphate units.
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3. The number of hydrogen bonds formed between A and C is
a. 1
b.2
c. 0
d.3
4. The number of hydrogen bonds formed between A and T is
a. 1
b.2
c. 0
d.3
5. The number of hydrogen bonds formed between C and G is
a. 1
b.2
c. 0
d.3
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6. The fundamental groups of organisms include------------.
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6. The fundamental groups of organisms include
Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea.
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7. DNA is used as a hereditary material, because:
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7. DNA is used as a hereditary material, because:
(1) The base pairs have essentially the same shape and
same size, thus fit equally well into the center of the
double-helical structure.
(2) The sequence of bases along one strand completely
determines the sequence along the other strand.
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8. RNA is constructed by ---------- building blocks, which is(are)
----------------------------------------.
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8. RNA is constructed by
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building blocks, which is(are)
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
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9. RNA is an ----------- in the flow of genetic information.
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10. The
3-D structure of protein is dictated entirely
by the ------------------- along its chain.
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10. The
3-D structure of protein is dictated entirely
by the sequence of amino acids along its chain.
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Some of the amino acids of proteins
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The
components of
nucleic acids
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Some
Components
of Lipids
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Structure of glucose, the “parent” sugar
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Elements essential to life
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Versatility of Carbon Bonding
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Versatility of Carbon Bonding
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Geometry of Carbon Bonding
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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Multiple Functional Groups in a
Single Biomolecule
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Common molecular representations
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Interactions between biomolecules are stereospecific
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Stereoisomers are readily
distinguished by humans
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Energy
Interconversions
in Living
Organisms
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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Energy Coupling in Chemical Processes
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Enzymes lower the activation barrier
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ATP is an
energy
currency
ATP is “spent”
and “earned”
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Metabolic Pathways consist of discrete
enzyme-catalyzed steps that are
carefully regulated
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Chapter 2
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Water
pH
pKa
Buffers
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