Transcript Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry
The chemistry of carbon and its
compounds
Organic (related to living organisms)
as opposed to inorganic (not living)
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Originally thought only living organisms
could synthesize carbon compounds found in
cells
Millions of organic compounds
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Simplest organic compound contains 2 elements
C and H--hydrocarbons
All O. Chem. related to the bonding
characteristics of Carbon
These don’t qualify as organic: CO, CO2 and
CO3-2
Bonding of Carbon
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Carbon is in Group _________.
It has ______ valence electrons.
It will always form _____covalent bonds.
Structural formula to represent bonds.
H
H—C—H
(methane)
H
The ability of carbon to form stable C-C bonds is
one reason C can form so many different
compounds
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Alkanes
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Hydrocarbon with a single covalent bond
Can form in straight chains or branched
chains
Saturated-every non-C bond has an H
Prefixes refer to # of C atoms
1.
2.
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4.
5.
MethEthPropButPent
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HexHeptOctNonDec-
Example Alkanes
(Straight chain)
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Ethane
Butane
C2H6
C4H10
CH3CH3
H H
H—C—C—H
H H
CH3(CH2)2CH3
H H H H
H—C—C—C—C—H
H H H H
Alkenes
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Hydrocarbons that contain 1 or more C-C
double bonds
Same prefixes as the alkanes
“unsaturated” – if the double bond is
broken, more H can attach.
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Saturated means that the maximum number
of H atoms/C atom (All alkanes are saturated)
Example Alkenes
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Ethene
C2H4
H
H
C=C
H
H
Butene
C4H8
H H H H
H—C—C=C—C—H
H
H
Alkynes
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Contain 1 or more triple bonds
“unsaturated”
Not common in nature
All 3 hydrocarbons have weak van der
Waals forces—low boiling points
Example C2H2
H—C=C—H
Ethyne
Polymers
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Large molecule formed by the covalent
bonding of repeating smaller molecules
(monomers)
Can contain only 1 type of monomer or 2
or more types
Reaction to join monomers is called
polymerization and usually requires a
catalyst
Example: when ethene is polymerized, it
becomes polyethylene (plastic)
Functional groups
A specific arrangement of atoms in an
organic compound that is capable of
characteristic chemical reactions
Examples: (R is the carbon chain)
R-COOH carboxyl
R-OH
alcohol
R-NH2
amino
R-(group 7) halide
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Biochemical basis for life
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Amino Acids—compound that will contain
an amino group (-NH2) and
a carboxyl group (-COOH)
Peptides—combination of amino acids where the
amino group of one amino acid links to the carboxyl
group of another amino acid (a peptide bond)
Proteins—a peptide with more than 100 amino acids
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Skin, hair, nails, muscles, etc.
Different sequences of amino acids result in different
proteins
For more details…
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Sect. 22.1 – alkanes
Sect. 22.2 – alkenes and alkynes
Sects. 22.3-.4 – isomers and rings
Naming – page 698
Sect. 23.1 – functional groups
Sect. 23.4 – polymerization
Sect. 24.2 -- carbohydrates
Sect. 24.3 – amino acids, peptides and proteins
Sect. 24.4 – lipids
Sect. 24.5 – nucleic acids