Transcript Digestive System

Digestive System (Part 3)
Odds and Ends
Digestion Overview
Gall Bladder


secretes bile (made in
the LIVER) into the
duodenum to emulsify
fats
Breaks down fat into fat
droplets
Liver
Common
Bile Duct
Gall Bladder
Gallstones


Made of cholesterol
and CaCO3
Block bile ducts
Pancreases (Hormonal Function)

Pancrease is an endocrine gland
– Produces hormones in the islets of Langerhans
– releasing insulin and glucagon into bloodstream
Insulin Functions
1.
2.
3.
Aids in transportation of glucose into and
out of cells by making cell membranes
permeable to glucose
Aids in formation of glycogen
Aids in transfer of peptide monomer
amino acids into cells
Aids in metabolism of carbohydrates and
helps maintain homeostasis
Diabetic Video
Insulin Feedback Mechanism
Liver
Stores glucose
as glycogen
High Glucose
(after eating)
Pancreases
(secretes
insulin)
Results in lower
glucose levels
Muscles
Store glycogen
Adipose
Stores glucose
as fat
Glucagon
Produced by the pancreases
 Works with Insulin in a complementary
fashion
 Stimulates conversion of glycogen into
glucose

Glucagon Feedback Mechanism
Liver
Converts glycogen
to glucose
Low Glucose
Pancreas
(between meals)
(secretes glucagon) Converts glycogen
Results in higher
blood glucose
levels
Muscles
to glucose
Adipose
Converts fat to
glucose
Liver
Six Major Functions
1.
Synthesis of digestive emulsifier bile
2.
Destroys red blood cells and converts the hemoglobin into
bile components
3.
Maintains blood glucose homeostasis
4.
Deaminates amino acids by removing the toxic amino
group and converting it into urea
5.
Manufactures plasma proteins (eg. Clotting components
from amino acids found in the blood: fibrinogen)
6.
Detoxifies the blood by converting harmful metabolites
into less harmful substance eg. alcohol
Liver Disorders
The Liver
This is an in-situ
photograph of the
chest and abdominal
contents. As can be
seen, the liver is the
largest parenchymal
organ, lying just
below the
diaphragm. The right
lobe (at the left in
the photograph) is
larger than the left
lobe. The falciform
Cirrhosis caused by chronic
alcoholism
This is an example
of a micronodular
cirrhosis. The
regenerative
nodules are quite
small, averaging
less than 3 mm in
size. The most
common cause for
this is chronic
alcoholism. The
process of
cirrhosis develops
over many years.
Intrahepatic Obstruction

Here is an
example of
intrahepatic
obstruction
with a small
stone in an
intrahepatic
bile duct.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
(Cancer)
The satellite
nodules of this
hepatocellular
carcinoma
represent either
intrahepatic
spread of the
tumor or
multicentric
origin of the
tumor.
Dr. Oz: Liver Disease
http://www.doctoroz.com/videos/1-food-youneed-lose-pt-2
Elephant Guts
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