Transcript Document

Broodmare Nutrition Late Pregnancy
Catherine Rudenko
BSc Equine Science
3 stages of Pregnancy
• Early
Pregnancy
• Late
Pregnancy
• Lactation
Early Pregnancy Diet
600kg mare
• MJDE 87
• Protein 845 grams
• 9kg of good hay with 8% protein
and 8 MJDE provides
• 720 grams protein
• 72 MJDE
Early Pregnancy
• 1kg of stud cubes with 14% protein and
11.5 MJDE provides
• 140 grams protein
• 11.5 MJDE
• OR
• 475 g of balancer with 30% protein and 11
MJDE provide
• 142 grams of protein
• 5.3 MJDE
Total Diet
• MJDE 87
• Protein 845 grams
• Hay + Stud cubes = 860 grams
protein, 83.5 MJDE
• Hay + Balancer = 862 grams protein,
77.3 MJDE
Late Pregnancy 6 months +
• Mare of 600kg BW at conception will be
around 679 kg BW by 11 months
• Late pregnancy requirements,
• 107 MJDE
• 1072 grams protein
• 9kg of good hay with 8% protein and 8
MJDE provides
• 720 grams protein
• 72 MJDE
Late Pregnancy
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2.5 kg stud cubes provides
350 grams protein
29 MJDE
Or
1.2 kg balancer provides
360 grams protein
13 MJDE
Total Diet
• Requirements
• 107 MJDE
• 1072 grams protein
• Hay + stud cubes = 1070 grams
protein, 101 MJDE
• Hay + balancer = 1080 grams
protein, 85 MJDE
Lactation
• First 3 months are most important for
the foal
• Requirements of the lactating mare
• 158 MJDE
• 1836 grams protein
Lactation
• 9kg of good hay with 8% protein and 8
MJDE provides
• 720 grams protein
• 72 MJDE
• 8 kg stud cubes provides 1120 grams
protein and 92 MJ
• 3.7 kg balancer provides 1110 grams
protein and 40 MJ
Total diet
• Requirements
• 158 MJDE
• 1836 grams protein
• Hay + stud cubes = 1840 grams
protein and 174 MJDE
• Hay + balancer = 1830 grams
protein and 145 MJDE
Why such high
requirements for lactating
mare
?
• Lactation is the most demanding time for
the mare in terms of nutrition
• Mares own body condition will effect milk
content
• Average milk has 26g protein, 19g fat and
61g lactose per litre
• Also contains hormones, enzymes and
growth factors
Body condition & milk quality
• Overweight mares have higher fat
levels in their milk
• Normal well conditioned mares
produce more protein in the milk
• Underweight mares have lower protein
and fat levels
Mares Milk Quality
Month of
Lactation
Milk
Production
(kg/day)
DE
(MJ/day)
D Protein
(g/day)
Calcium
(g/day)
Phosphorus
(g/day)
0-1
13.8
30 (34)
375 (450)
17.4 (18)
5.9 (14)
1-2
14.6
30.4 (43.5)
330 (500)
14.7 (18)
4.4 (15)
2-3
16.8
33.1 (53.3)
319 (546)
13.5 (17)
4.5 (15)
3-4
15.1
28.4 (59)
292 (535)
10.0 (17)
3.5 (15)
4-5
10.9
20.5 (64)
196 (522)
6.5 (16)
2.2 (15)
5-6
7.5
15.7 (68.3)
135 (510)
4.5 (16)
1.5 (15)
Foal Growth Rates
Age
Height
% Mature
Height*
Weight
% Mature
Weight*
6
Months
13.2h
84%
228kg
46%
12
Months
15.0h
94%
322kg
65%
22
Months
15.2h
97%
445kg
90%
What type of diet is best for
the mare ?
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Diets should be fully balanced for
Vitamins
Minerals
Amino Acids ( proteins )
• Cereals and forages are not naturally
balanced
• Need to add a vitamin and mineral
balancer pellet if using straights eg oats
• Forage diet also needs additional
vitamins and minerals
Why vitamins and minerals
?
• Vitamins and minerals have an
important role in bone
development
• Nutrition is one factor in DOD
( developmental orthopedic
disease)
• Prevention is better than cure
• Most influential when fed to the
mare in pregnancy and
continued in lactation
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium and Phosphorus
• Correct Calcium to Phosphorus ratio of
1.5:1
• Do not over supplement Vitamin D – it will
not significantly increase Ca absorption
and will cause mineralisation of tissues
Vitamin A
Vitamin A
• Needed for proper
functioning of
Osteoclasts ( bone making
cells)
• Under supplementing
causes growth
retardation in the first
12 months of life
Zinc and Manganese
Zinc
• Involved in alkaline phosphatase action – an
enzyme assisting in the initiation of calcification
of cartilage
Manganese
• Involved in synthesis of Chondroitin 4 – sulphate
and Chondroitin 6 – sulphate
• Chondroitin is a key component of cartilage
Copper
Copper
• Important for several functions including
• Maintaining elasticity of tissues – deficiency
seen as Ballerina Syndrome
• Fertility in mares
• Potential prevention and repair of DOD
lesions….
Copper
• Copper is essential for Lysol-Oxidase function –
the enzyme responsible for cross links in the
bone that provide strength to the structure
• Copper is most effective as a preventative
agent when given to the Mare
• Recommended level of 30-40mg/kg
• Injecting copper is not effective – it must be in
the diet
Copper
• Copper uses the same uptake site as Zinc
• Diet should be 3-4:1 Zinc: Copper
• Molybdenum is a naturally occurring
trace element needed by plants to fix
Nitrogen that also blocks Copper uptake
• This is more of a problem in cattle than
horses
• Hard to measure copper levels as hoof,
hair and blood analysis are unreliable
Iodine
Iodine
• Involved in thyroid function and
production of thyroxine (T4)
• T4 regulates metabolic growth rates
• Sudden growth bursts contribute to DOD
as the bone is suddenly put under a
greater amount of stress
Importance of grazing
• Grass is not only the most natural form of
feeding but is also highly nutritious
• The digestion of grass in the large intestine
by bacteria produces certain Fatty Acids
(FA’s)
• FA are produced in mares milk and
include linoleic and alpha-linolenic
Why are Fatty Acids
needed ?
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Alpha-linolenic acid
Polyunsaturated “ healthy fat”
Omega-3 fatty acid
ALA needed for production of EPA /DHA
“ brain foods”
Linoleic acid
“healthy fat”
Omega-6 fatty acid
Good for skin condition and wound
healing
Grazing period and natural
reproductive cycle
• Grass growth
normally picks up
around April and
slows around
September
• 6 month window that
co-incides with the
period the foal is
suckling
• Wild foals will wean
naturally at 8-10
months age
Thank you
Any Questions ?