Transcript TOX IN” THE CITY

“Tox In” The City
Exploring Environmental
Health Science Issues
Student Notes
Name ________________________
Date _________
1
HEADLINES
•
•
•
•
Antiperspirants Cause Breast Cancer
Warning: Febreze is Toxic to Pet!
Dioxins Released by Freezing Water Bottles
Chlorinated Water Causes Cancer
2
Environmental Health Then & Now
"If you want to learn about the health of a
population, look at the air they breath,
the water they drink, and the places
where they live.“ - Hippocrates, the Father
of Medicine, in the Fifth Century BC.
3
What is Environmental
Health Science?
Definition:__________________________
__________________________________
________________________________
4
ENVIRONMENT
Environment =
___________ Environment +
____________ Environment +
__________ Environment
5
Sources of Environmental
Hazards & Hazards
• Look at the Tox Town Scene for Activity #1
• Identify Potential Sources of Environmental
Hazards
• Identify the Potential Hazards associated
with each source
6
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
SCIENCES
Today, the environmental health sciences aren't entirely
about pesticides and other chemical pollutants in our air
and water. The definition of "environmental health" has
broadened to include the environment we create for
ourselves (by smoking or not smoking, and by our diet,
for example). It also includes the medicines and other
therapies we are prescribed, our occupations and places
of work, and our lifestyles: Are we couch potatoes or
joggers? Sexually reckless or responsible? Listening to
loud music or keeping the volume down?
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/oc/factsheets/ead/healthy.htm
7
8
9
10
11
How Does Environmental Health
Sciences Differ From How
Humans Affect the Environment
(Ecology)?
Activity #2 -Think, Pair, Share
Do Think/Pair/Share Activity
12
Ecology
Ecology _____________________________
May study how water pollution
is harming _________
13
Environmental Health
Science
Environmental
Health Scientist
May study how eating the fish
is harming __________.
Focus is on __________ Health
14
Examples of Environmental Hazards
that Cause Human Health Problems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pesticides/Herbicides
Arsenic
Lead
Mold
Carbon monoxide
Asbestos
Benzene
Electromagnetic Fields
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alcohol
Radon
Ozone
Particulate Matter
Tobacco
Dioxins
Noise Pollution
15
TOXICITY
• Toxicology
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
• Toxicity
__________________________________
16
TOXIN
• Toxicant (Poison)—
___________________________________
___________________________________
17
IS THIS CHEMICAL A TOXIN?
Read Activity #3 Article and Decide
18
IS THIS CHEMICAL A TOXIN?
DIHYDROGEN MONOXIDE
The dangers of dihydrogen monoxide include:
• Also called "hydroxyl acid", a major component of acid rain;
• Contributes to soil erosion;
• Contributes to the greenhouse effect;
• Accelerates corrosion and breakdown of electrical equipment;
• Excessive ingestion may cause various unpleasant effects;
• Prolonged contact with its solid form results in severe tissue damage;
• Inhalation, even in small quantities, may cause death;
• Its gaseous form may cause severe burns;
• It has been found in the tumors of terminal cancer patients;
• Withdrawal by those addicted to it causes certain death within 168 hrs
Nevertheless, governments and corporations continue using it widely,
heedless of its grave dangers.
19
Is This Chemical a Toxin?
Read the news headline on
the next slide:
20
Police: Student Died From
‘Water Intoxication’ During Hazing
POSTED: Tuesday, May 6, 2003
Plattsburgh, New York-The death of a freshman pledging the Psi Epsilon Chi
fraternity at the State University of New York College
at Plattsburgh has led to 11 members being charged
with 150 crimes, including hazing and negligent
homicide, at the conclusion of the police
investigation.
The freshman reportedly died of hydroneutremia, or
water intoxication, which caused swelling of the
brain.
So, is water a toxicant????
21
Any chemical can be toxic
if you eat, drink, or absorb
too much of it.
22
THE DOSE MAKES THE
POISON
“All substances are poisons; there is none
that is not a poison.
The right dose differentiates a poison
and a remedy.”
Paracelsus (1493-1541)
23
SOURCE OF EXPOSURE
A hazard’s ________ ___ __________,
such as cars, industry, farming, etc.
24
ENVIRONMENTAL
PATHWAY
Means of getting from the source to us.
Can include: * air we breath
* water we drink
* food we eat
* soil in which we play and
grow food
25
EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
26
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
_____________
__________
______________
__________
____________
27
DOSE
DOSE
-- the term used to describe the
specific amount of a chemical
that enters the body.
28
DOSE
DOSAGE
• is the amount of chemical per unit of
body weight.
• usually given as milligrams of chemical
per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg)
29
DOSE
Perform Activity #4
30
Effects of Amount on Dose
Increasing the amount
of chemical for the
same size of organism
Dose increases
31
Effects of Size on Dose
A smaller size of
organism with the same
amount of chemical
Dose increases
32
DOSE/RESPONSE
Dose Depends on:
DURATION
OF EXPOSURE
FREQUENCY
OF EXPOSURE
BODY SIZE
33
PROBLEM
Who took the largest dose of Tylenol?
A. An adult woman who weighs 125 lb and took
300 mg of Tylenol
B. An adult man who weighs 180 lb and took
300 mg of Tylenol
C. A teenage boy who weighs 135 lb and took
600 mg of Tylenol
D. A baby who weighs 20 lb and took 100 mg of
Tylenol
34
PROBLEM
Who took the largest dose of Tylenol?
Answer: To calculate dose, divide the
amount of the hazard by the body weight
A.
B.
C.
D.
300mg/125lb=
300mg/180lb=
600mg/135lb=
100mg/20lb=
2.4 mg/lb
1.7 mg/lb
4.4 mg/lb
5.0 mg/lb
The concentration of the chemical in the small body
35
is much higher than in the larger bodies.
What amount causes harm?
Some chemicals are good in small amounts,
but toxic in large amounts
Example: botulinum toxin
Small amount →
Large amount →
36
What amount causes harm?
Some chemicals are good in small amounts,
but toxic in large amounts
Example: botulinum toxin
Small amount → prevents wrinkles (BOTOX)
Large amount → paralysis, death
37
TOXIC EFFECTS
Rank the following in order of least toxic (1)
to most toxic (6) based on LD50 data:
TOXICANT
Sugar
Salt
Herbicide
Arsenic
Nicotine
Botulism
TOXICITY
38
TOXIC EFFECTS
Rank the following in order of least toxic (1)
to most toxic (6) based on LD50 data:
TOXICANT
Sugar
Salt
Herbicide
Arsenic
Nicotine
Botulism
TOXICITY
1
2
3
4
5
6
39
TOXIC EFFECTS
Approximate Lethal Doses of Common Chemicals
(Calculated for a 160 lb. human based on data on rats)
Chemical
Lethal Dose
Sugar
3 quarts
Alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
3 quarts
Salt (sodium chloride)
1 quart
Herbicide (2,4-D)
½ cup
Arsenic (arsenic acid)
1-2 teaspoons
Nicotine
½ teaspoon
Food poison (botulism)
microscopic
Source: NIH Curriculum, Chemicals, the Environment, and You Videodiscovery, 2000
40
TOXIC EFFECTS
Terms used to refer different
durations of exposure:
ACUTE
EXPOSURE
CHRONIC
EXPOSURE
41
TOXIC EFFECTS
Terms used to refer different
durations of exposure:
ACUTE
EXPOSURE
CHRONIC
EXPOSURE
Refers to single
exposure or a very
limited exposure
Example: breathing
fumes from chlorine
spill
Refers to a prolonged
or repeated exposure
Example: breathing
polluted air over a
lifetime
42
INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY
Why did I get sick and she didn’t?
Depends on:
43
INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY
Why did I get sick and she didn’t?
Depends on:
BODY SIZE
AGE
GENETICS
GENDER
GENERAL HEALTH
44
PROBLEM
A family has a clogged furnace that is producing
carbon monoxide, a hazardous gas. Which family
member is likely to be harmed the most?
A. Nicholas, the son who is in 12th grade
B. Baby Quianna, who is going into preschool next year
C. Mrs. Shaw, the mother who works at home
D. Mr. Shaw, the father who works at the local book store
45
ANSWER:
Dose depends on several factors.
Here we can estimate:
* length of exposure,
* age of the people exposed, and
* size of the people exposed.
It is most likely that Baby Quianna is most
likely to be harmed as:
1) she is the youngest and therefore
2) the smallest, and
3) spends the most time in the
home along with her mother.
46
RISKS and BENEFITS
Carousel Activity
47
RISKS and BENEFITS
48