Transcript Carbon Compounds - Tri

Chemical Compounds in
Cells
Life Science
Oxygen – O
65%
 Carbon – C
18.5%
 Hydrogen – H
9.5%
 Nitrogen – N
3.2%
 Calcium – Ca
1.5%
 Phosphorus – P
1%
 Potasium – K
.4%
 Sulfur – S
.3%
 Sodium – Na
.2%
 Chlorine – Cl
.2%
 Magnesium – Mg
.1%

Elements

Two or more elements chemically combine
H2O = Water
 NaCl = salt
 C6H12O6 = Sugar

Compounds
Can be separated by physical means
 Can you separate these things?

◦ Salt, wood shavings, paperclips, iron chips,
sand
◦ If so you have a mixture!!
mixtures

Carbohydrates – Sugars and starches
◦ Supply energy

Lipids – Fats, oils, waxes
◦ Store large amounts of energy long term
◦ Form boundaries around the cell

Proteins – enzymes, skin, and Hair
◦ Regulate cell processes and build cell
structures

Nucleic Acids – DNA and RNA
◦ Carry genetic info and make proteins
Organic compounds

Giant molecules – found in living cells
◦ Made of thousands of smaller molecules
◦ Four main groups of organic macromolecules
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Nucleic Acids
 Proteins
Macromolecules


Made of Carbon,
Hydrogen, and
Oxygen
Provide the main
energy sources for
living things
◦ Sugars and starches

Plants use
carbohydrates for
structural purposes
Carbohydrates

Made mostly from Carbon and Hydrogen
atoms
◦ Don’t dissolve in water

Lipid categories include:
◦ Fats, oils, and waxes

Used to store energy, make membranes,
and waterproof coverings
Lipids



Made of Carbon,
Nitrogen, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, &
Phosphorus
Polymers made
from monomers of
nucleotides
Store and transmit
hereditary
information
◦ DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids


Made of Carbon,
Nitrogen, Hydrogen,
& Oxygen
Polymers made of
amino acid
monomers
◦ More than 20 amino
acids exist in nature
◦ Can be arranged in
any order
◦ Can be arranged in
any number
Proteins


Instructions for
making proteins are
found in the DNA
Uses for proteins:
◦ Controlling reaction
rates (ENZYMES!!)
◦ Build bones and
muscles
◦ Transport substances
in and out of cells
◦ Fight diseases

Up to four levels of
organization in
proteins:
◦ Level 1: sequence of
amino acids in the chain
◦ Level 2: amino acids
twist or fold in the chain
◦ Level 3: the chain
twists or folds
◦ Level 4: multiple
chains twist and fold
around each other if
present
Structure of Proteins


Name four groups
of organic
compounds found in
living things.
Describe one
function of each
group
◦ Lipids, carbs,
proteins, Nucleic
acids
REVIEW

Give an example of
each type of
compound

Describe atoms
elements and
compounds
Carbohydrates,
Lipids, Nucleic Acids,
Proteins

Carbs – energy
 Lipids – membranes,
store energy
 Nucleic Acids –
hereditary
information
 Proteins – build
tissues
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ANSWERS
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Carbohydrate –
sugar, Lipid – oils,
Nucleic Acid – DNA,
Protein – enzymes
Atoms are the
smallest unit of
matter
Elements are made of
all the same atoms
Compounds are made
of different elements

Water –Makes up most of the body
◦ Allows chemical reactions to take place

Calcium Phosphate
◦ Gives us bone strength

Hydrochloric Acid
◦ Breaks down food

Sodium Bicarbonate
◦ Helps digestion

Salts – NaCl
◦ Helps send messages through the nerves
Inorganic Compounds

Passive Transport
◦ Movement of material through a Cell Membrane
with out the use of energy.
◦ Three types
 Diffusion – High to Low
 Osmosis
◦ Movement of water through a cell membrane
 Facilitated Diffusion
◦ Happens only with the help of molecules with in the cell
Moving material in a cell.

Active Transport
◦ The use of energy to move materials through a
cell
◦ Typically a protein that acts like a escort
through the cell membrane
 This protein is called a transport protein
Moving material in a cell
Endocytosis – process where and object is
taken into a cell by the cell membrane
surrounding the particle.
Exocytosis – the opposite of endocytosis,
and is used to get rid of large quantities of
waste from the cell.
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Found from chemical reactions taking
place as food is broken down
 Total of all chemical reactions is called
metabolism

◦ This requires enzymes
◦ These enzymes break things down so those things can
be used by the cells
Life energy

Photosynthesis
◦ Takes sun light and makes sugars
(carbohydrates) which can be used as food.
 Excess carbohydrates are stored as starches
ie:patatoes
◦ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Producers make energy

Process where cells break down food
molecules into simpler substances and
release their stored energy
◦ This process requires oxygen
◦ Think about the last time you ran the mile in
PhyEd… In you note book describe how you felt
as you ran and then after you were done.
Respiration
Begins in the cytoplasm
 Carbs are broken down to sugar
 Sugar is broken down to energy

◦ Mitochondria is the main place where the final
breakdown takes place
◦ O2 + C6H12O6  Energy + CO2 + H2O + waste
Breaking of carbohydrates

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Begins in the cytoplasm
Molecules are broken down to sugars
Sugars are broken down in the cytoplasm

Enzymes + C6H12O6  Energy + Lactic
Acid

This is what makes your muscle cells feel
sore after running
Fermentation