CELL SIGNALLING
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Transcript CELL SIGNALLING
CELL SIGNALLING
Unicellular organisms
Awareness of environment
– Nutrients, light etc.
Multicellular organisms
Coordinating whole body responses
Regulating specialist functions of tissues
Cells need to communicate with the outside
world and with each other.
COMMUNICATION
Transmitter
Transduction
Mechanism
Receiver
CELL - CELL SIGNALLING
4 Types
– Endocrine
Hormone secreted into bloodstream
Signalling/ target cells far apart
Slow (10s of seconds)
– Paracrine
Local release of chemical into interstitial fluid (fluid
surrounding cells)
Local action
– Neuronal
Neurotransmitter released by nerve at synapse
Long distances
Very rapid (mseconds)
– Contact dependent signalling
Restricted to directly joined cells
7.1.2. Signalling Molecules
Oxytocin = Swift Birth
Signalling Molecules
Proteins e.g.
Somatotropin (hGH), oxytocin (partuition, suckling, love), vasopressin
(love/ memory)
Amino Acids e.g.
GABA ( amino butyric acid) reduces nerve activity
• (valium stimulates GABA action)
Serotonin (5HT)
• Ecstasy damages these nerves
Glutamic acid
• Memory & Learning, Nerve damage during stroke/ head injury
Gases
Nitric oxide (NO) - stimulates vasodilation
• Viagra enhances production of NO
Steroid Hormones
Testosterone/ oestrogen
TRANSDUCTION
Hydrophilic transmitters e.g. Proteins/ amino acids
– Can’t pass across lipid membrane
– Bind to membrane receptors (proteins)
Hydrophobic transmitters
e.g. Steroid hormones,
thyroid hormones, nitric oxide (small
–Can pass directly through membrane
–Bind to cytosolic receptors
Extracellular Hydrophobic
Signalling (steroids)
Signal molecule dissolves into cell
membrane
– Diffuses across membrane
Binds to a cytosolic receptor protein
– Receptor/steroid complex transported into
nucleus
– Influences gene transcription
Extracellular Hydrophilic
Signalling
Signal molecule binds to a receptor protein
on cell membrane’s surface
3 possible outcomes
Ion channel opened (e.g Acetylcholine )
–Produces a change in polarity of cell
Receptor linked to a GTP binding protein (G-protein) e.g. adrenaline
–Activates the G-protein
–Signal stimulates a variety of cellular events
Receptor part of an enzyme, binding activates enzyme e.g. insulin
receptor is a tyrosine kinase
–Usually kinase/ phosphatase
–Phosphorylates/ dephosphorylates proteins
The Neuromuscular Junction
G Protein
G-Protein Linked Receptors
Transmitter binds to receptor.
Conformational change of receptor protein
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–
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G Protein binds to receptor protein on intracellular surface
Conformational change in G – protein, causing it to bind GTP.
G protein (with GTP bound) migrates in membrane
Binds to and activates adenyl cyclase enzyme (ATP cAMP)
cAMP second messenger activates variety of targets.
cAMP broken down by phosphodiesterase – switches
activation off.
The G protein remains active whilst GTP is bound
– G protein hydrolyses GTP GDP and thus becomes inactive.
Activation cascade
Adrenaline stimulates liver cells to breakdown glycogen
Acts via G protein/ cAMP cascade
Coffee/ Tea
Caffeine potentiates the action of cAMP by
inhibiting its breakdown by
phosphodiesterase