Transcript Life Substances - Ms. Rago's Class Website

The Chemistry of Life
Chapters 2& 3
KEY CONCEPTS:
What macromolecules are important to living things?
What are the functions of each group of macromolecules?
http://www.uri.edu/pharmacy/faculty/cho/research.html
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biochemistry_notes_bi_ch3.htm
Phospholipid by RIEDELL
4 CLASSES of
MACROMOLECULES
1.Carbohydrates
2.Proteins
3.Lipids
4.Nucleic Acids
Atomic Number
6
Atomic Mass
C
Carbon
12.001
Atomic Symbol
A Carbon Atom
The four valance
electrons are ready
for covalent (share)
bonding.
e
e e
6P
e
6N
e
e
Single, Double, Triple Bonds
Carbon typically bonds with…
H
Hydrogen
N
Nitrogen
O
Oxygen
P
Phosphorus
S
Sulfur
Short chains
Long chains
Branching molecules
Rings
Functional groups of organic compounds:
• Hydroxyl group
– OH
• Carbonyl group
– C=O
• Carboxyl group
– COOH
• Phosphate group
– OPO32-
• Amino group
– NH2
Differences in functional groups
affects function of the compound
A
• A missing H from a
functional group
creates a new
compound.
• A= estradiol
(estrogen)
• B= testosterone
B
These carbon structures can
combine to form…
Small molecules
or
macromolecules
(10’s, 100’s, 1000’s of Carbons)
So how do we put them
together and take them apart?
Polymerization-make a molecule
• Monomer - one unit or one part
– Carbohydrate
– Lipid
– Protein
– Nucleic acid
=> monosaccharide
=> glycerol + fatty acids
=> amino acid
=> nucleotide
• Polymer- many units or many parts
Condensation and Hydrolysis
• Condensation and
Dehydration Synthesis
mean the same thing.
• Hydrolysis
– Hydro- pertains to water.
– lyse means to break or
rupture
• You are removing water
to make something more • You are using water to
break apart a molecule.
concentrated or dense.
• Ex: condensed milk
Put
Together
Break
Apart
A closer look…
• Condensation
or Dehydration Synthesis
Animation
A closer look…
• hydrolysis
Good test questions
• Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis
and hydrolysis.
• Can you relate metabolic processes to these
new terms. Remember anabolism and
catabolism. What about digestion and
photosynthesis?
• Telling Sentence:
Hydrolysis is a reaction that occurs
during digestion.
Tell me more…
CARBOHYDRATES:
contain Carbon, Hydrogen, &
Oxygen
(with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O)
Examples:
GLUCOSE C6H12O6,
Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Carbohydrates
• A single carbohydrate is called a
Monosaccharide
• Many carbohydrates bonded together is
called a
Polysaccharide
Important
MONOSACCHARIDES
C6H12O6
C5H10O5
C5H10O5
2 H: __
1 O
ALL HAVE __C:
1
__
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg
http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Monosaccharides can be joined
together using
dehydration
synthesis
____________________ to make
________________ made of
POLYSACCHARIDES
___________
MANY
SUGAR molecules.
Image from: Modern Biology; Pearson Prentice Hall © 2005
Examples of IMPORTANT
POLYSACCHARIDES
___________
STARCH
CELLULOSE
___________
GLYCOGEN
___________
Image from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
WHAT DO
CARBOHYDRATES
DO?
Image from: http://www.sdada.org/Pyramid-Vegetarian-01.jpg
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
burn glucose
Cells _______________
for their ________
energy needs
Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
ANIMAL cells
_______
store glucose
_____________
glycogen
as __________.
Image from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
PLANT
________
cells
store glucose
____________
STARCH
as _________
Images from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/bb450/stryer/ch21/Slide24.jpg
CARBOHYDRATES are STRUCTURAL
PLANTS
_____ also use
glucose to make
___________
CELLULOSE
Cellulose makes
STURDY
plants _______
Images from:
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
http://www.kalyx.com/store/images/ApiumGraveolens9.jpg
CARBOHYDRATES HELP
with CELL IDENTIFICATION
GLYCOPROTEINS
_____________
(proteins with sugars
_____
attached) on the
surface of cells help
cells
_____________
recognize “self”
More about this in Chapters 7 and 11
Image from:
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm
GLYCOPROTEINS
are important for:
BLOOD
TYPES
ORGAN
REJECTION
Images from:http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00737/bloodgp.jpg
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/organ-transplant-ch.jpg
http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm
RECOGNIZING
GERMS
Di = two
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
– Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
Disaccharide
– Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose
Polysaccharide
– Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin
Polysaccharides
Structure
Storage
Starch
Plant energy
Glycogen
Animal energy
Cellulose
Chitin
Plant cell
walls
Insect
exoskeleton
MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
Proteins
2. _____________
3. _____________
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
4._____________
PROTEINS contain:
Carbon
________,
Hydrogen
_________,
Oxygen
_______, and
Nitrogen
_________
and
are built from
AMINO ACID
__________
subunits
Image by: Riedell
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
Proteins
• A single protein molecule is called an
amino acid (aa)
• Many amino acids strung together make a
polypeptide
What kind of chemical reaction
do you think is used to join amino
acid subunits to make proteins?
dehydration
synthesis
http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg
WHAT DO
PROTEINS
DO?
Image from: http://www.drpbody.com/images/meatpoultryfish.gif
__________________
GLYCOPROTEINS
proteins )
(SUGARS attached to ________
on the surface of
cells
help cells
recognize “self”
____________
Image from:
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm
GLYCOPROTEINS
are important for:
BLOOD
TYPES
ORGAN
REJECTION
Images from:http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00737/bloodgp.jpg
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/organ-transplant-ch.jpg
http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm
RECOGNIZING
GERMS
STRUCTURAL
PROTEINS ARE ___________
Proteins
Phospholipids
_______
and ___________
main components
are _______________
in
cell membranes
_____________
Image from: http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/cell.htm#plcell_dia_ques
PROTEINS ARE STRUCTURAL
Proteins
Combine
_______ with
DNA
______ to
wrap up into
chromosomes
___________
Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/dna/chromosome.gif
Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm
PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES
ENZYMES
__________
help
______
chemical
reactions happen
_____________
faster
Enzymes
• Enzymes lower the activation energy or
the “start-up” energy needed for a reaction
to take place.
or
Images from: http://www.imac.auckland.ac.nz/vaccines/vacc_graph.htm
FIGHT GERMS
PROTEINS ____________
_____________
ANTIBODIES
are proteins
ANTIBODIES ATTACK & KILL THEM
PROTEINS help in TRANSPORT
_________
Proteins in
cell membranes
________________
molecules
help move
___________
_________
of cells
in and out
More about this in Chapters 7 and 11
Image from: http://bio.winona.msus.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/FacDiff.htm
PROTEINS help in Transport
HEMOGLOBIN
_____________
in
red blood cells
____________
carries oxygen
___________
to all ____
body cells
Image from: http://www.cellsalive.com/pics/cover4.gif
More about this in Chapter 11
PROTEINS help with
MOVEMENT
__________________
Images from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Arm_flex_supinate.jpg
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmito.html
MUSCLES
Body _________,
____________,
and
FLAGELLA
__________________
MITOTIC SPINDLE
are made of
PROTEINS
More about this in Chapters 7 and 10
HORMONES
PROTEINS act as ___________
Eating food puts
GLUCOSE in your
bloodstream
INSULIN
________________
is a protein hormone
that controls blood sugar
Image from: http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif
INSULIN
__________
causes cells
to
________
store
________
glucose
Insulin function image by Riedell using Glycogen image modified from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif
MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
Proteins
2. _____________
Lipids
3. _____________
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
4. _____________
Lipids are made mainly from
Carbon
Hydrogen
__________
and ___________
few oxygen
(very ___________ atoms)
Images:
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm
Lipids: Fats or Triglycerides
Saturated & Unsaturated
Single Bond
Double Bonds
Kinked
WHAT
DO
LIPIDS
DO?
Image from: http://www.umassmed.edu/diabeteshandbook/chap06.htm
Lipids have 3 major roles:
1) To store energy
2) To form biological membranes
3) Chemical messengers
Functions of Lipids
Long term energy storage
Insulation
Coating
Cushion
Cell membrane
Lipids
examples of Lipids
•
•
•
•
•
Lard
Butter
Oil
Waxes
Steroids
___________________
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
(3 lipid tails + glycerol/phosphate head)
Polar head
________
Non-polar
_________
tails
http://asm.wku.edu/pix/cells/P-lipid2.gif
Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next
Lipids: Phospholipids
•
PHOSPHOLIPIDS & STEROIDS
join with PROTEINS to
make cell membranes
_______________________
Image from: http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/cell.htm#plcell_dia_ques
LIPIDS
can be used to
store energy
_________
long term
________
Image from: http://blackmovie.us/movie/Fat.Albert/fat.albert.movie.jpg
INSULATE
LIPIDS __________
LIPIDS form
myelin
__________
(insulation
nerve
on ______ cells)
http://www.roweindustries.com/braidless-wire.html
http://www.alongnaturestrail.com/the_nervous_system.html
LIPIDS insulate
Help
__________
maintain
body heat
___________
(helps with
homeostasis
___________)
http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/imagedata/0,1658,5116542,00.jpg
LIPIDS can be _____________
HORMONES
STEROIDS
___________
like
TESTOSTERONE
_____________,
___________,
and
ESTROGEN
PROGESTERONE
_____________are
steroid hormones
involved in _____________
reproduction
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm
Steroids: Four fused rings
Sex hormone
Needed to absorb Ca
Anti-inflammatory
Used to stabilize cell
membranes
Steroids
• What are steroids used for?
– To build muscle mass (androdiol- precursor to
testosterone)
– Anti-inflammatory
– Sex hormones: Testosterone & Estrogen
– Cortical (anti-inflammatory) vs.
Androgenic (muscle mass)
animation of anabolic steroids
Waxes
• Ear wax
• Waxy layer on fruits and vegetables
Used as a protective coating to keep out
bacteria, microorganisms, etc.
MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
Proteins
2. _____________
Lipids
3. _____________
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
Nucleic acids
4._____________
NUCLEIC ACIDS
contain:
are built from
CARBON
_______,
NUCLEOTIDE
___________
HYDROGEN
_________, subunits
OXYGEN
_______,
PHOSPHORUS
___________
NITROGEN
and ________
Image by: Riedell
NUCLEOTIDES
Image by: Riedell
sugar
Changing the _______
&
and ____________
produces
nitrogen base
___________nucleotide
subunits
different
Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next
Image by: Riedell
NUCLEOTIDES
2 SUGARS can be used:
____________
DEOXYRIBOSE
DNA
(_____)
Sugars: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
Arrow: http://www.gifanimations.com/action/ImageDisplay/1/2/11/next
________
RIBOSE
RNA
(____)
5 NITROGEN BASES
ADENINE
_____________ = A
GUANINE
_____________
= G
CYTOSINE
_____________
= C
THYMINE
_____________ = T (only in DNA)
_____________
= U (only in RNA)
URACIL
MAKING
DNA USES:
_____
These
Nitrogen bases:
A, T, C, or G
_____________
uracil
NO __________
Sugars: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
Image by: Riedell
SUGAR
= _______________
DEOXYRIBOSE
RNA uses”
Making _____
These
Nitrogen bases
A, U, C, or G
_____________
thymine
NO __________
Sugars: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
Image by: Riedell
SUGAR
= __________
RIBOSE
What kind of chemical reaction do
you think is used to join nucleotide
subunits to make nucleic acids?
dehydration
synthesis
http://avery.rutgers.edu/WSSP/StudentScholars/project/archives/onions/orien.html
2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA= __________________
Deoxyribonucleic acid
______________
DOUBLE
STRANDED
SUBUNITS:
A, T, G, C (No U)
Image from:
http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg
DNA molecule forms a HELIX
or “twisted ladder”
ADENINE bonds THYMINE
__________
_________
with
CYTOSINE
GUANINE
_________ bonds __________
with
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS
RNA= ________________
Ribonucleic acid
SINGLE
_________STRANDED
Subunits:
A, U, G, C (NO T)
Image from: http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/biology/01.TU.03/illustrations/01.IL.09.gif
WHAT
DO
NUCLEIC
ACIDS
DO?
Image from:
http://www.ohsu.edu/healthyaging/caregiving/images/food_pyramid.gif
ONE SPECIAL KIND of
NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to
Store
and transport ENERGY
_______________________
Image by: Riedell
RIBOSE
RIBOSE
Sugar =_____________
ADENINE
Nitrogen base =__________
3 PHOSPHATE groups
+___
More about this in Chapters 7, 8, 9,10, and 12
ATP
Image from: http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif
DNA
_______
Stores
_________
genetic
__________
information
in cells
More about this in Chapters 7, 10, 11, 12, and 14
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
RNA
CARRIES INFORMATION
_______________________
from DNA
cell
__________
out to________
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Helps with _________________
Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
which contain
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
Q
U
I
Z
• What are the four groups of organic
compounds found in living things?
Give an example of each.
• Distinguish between
monosaccharides, disaccharides,
and polysaccharides.
• What are lipids? How are they
important to living things?
• Describe th structure of a protein/
• What is an enzyme? What is its
function in living things?
• Describe the structure and function
of nucleic acids. What are two
important nucleic acids?