Transcript Comparison of Rumen Amino Acid Protection Technologies

Advances in Protein and Amino Acid
Nutrition: Implications on Transition Cow
Performance
Chuck Schwab
Schwab Consulting, LLC, Boscobel, WI
Professor Emeritus, Animal Sciences
University of New Hampshire
Protein Metabolism in Ruminants
Crude protein
True protein
Saliva
NPN
Urea
Ammonia
Liver
Peptides
RUMEN
Amino
acids
RUP
Amino
acids
Microbial protein
SMALL
INT
RUP
Microbial
protein
Endogenous
protein
Metabolizable protein (absorbed AA)
Mammary
gland
MILK
Amino acid supply and use in
dairy cows
Amino Acids: The Required Nutrients
FOR THE COW
Essential
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
Non-essential
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Alanine
Aspartic acid
Asparagine
Cysteine
Glutamic acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Proline
Serine
Tyrosine
Functions of Amino Acids
 Required building blocks for the synthesis of tissue, regulatory,




protective and secretory proteins…100’s are synthesized every
day
The AA composition of each protein is different
Protein synthesis is a genetically determined event; i.e., AA
composition of a protein is the same every time it is synthesized
AA are key regulators of various pathological and physiological
processes, including immune responses
AA are also used to synthesize all of the other N-containing
compounds in the body [e.g., dozens of compounds such as
hormones, neurotransmitters, nucleotides (RNA and DNA),
histamine, polyamines (e.g., spermine and spermidine), etc.]
What is the Ideal Balance of
Absorbed Amino Acids?
Amino acid
Rulquin (2001)
Doepel et al. (2004)
Segmented
Logistic
linear model
model
Arginine
3.1
4.8
4.6
Histidine*
3.0
2.4
2.4
Isoleucine
4.5
5.3
5.3
Leucine
8.9
9.4
8.9
Lysine*
7.3
7.2
7.2
Methionine*
2.5
2.5
2.5
Phenylalanine
4.6
5.2
5.5
Threonine
4.0
5.1
5.0
Tryptophan
1.7
5.1
5.0
Valine
5.3
6.1
6.5
Lys and Met in lean tissue, milk, rumen bacteria and
feedstuffs (% of protein), relative to predicted
optimum concentrations in MP
Lys Met His
Lys Met His
Tissue
6.3
1.8
2.4
Brewer’s grains
4.1
1.7
2.0
Milk
7.7
2.7
2.7
Canola meal
5.6
1.9
2.8
Bacteria
7.9
2.6
2.0
Corn DDGS
2.2
1.8
2.5
Corn gluten feed
2.7
1.6
2.9
Corn gluten meal
1.7
2.4
2.1
Cotton seed
4.3
1.7
2.8
Ideal
7.2
2.5
2.5
Alfalfa silage
4.4
1.4
1.7
Linseed meal
3.7
1.8
2.0
Corn silage
2.5
1.5
1.8
Soybean meal
6.3
1.4
2.8
Grass silage
3.3
1.2
1.7
Blood meal
9.0
1.2
6.4
Barley
3.6
1.7
2.3
Feather meal
2.6
0.8
1.2
Corn
2.8
2.1
3.1
Fish meal
7.7
2.8
2.8
Wheat
2.8
1.6
2.4
Meat meal
5.4
1.4
2.1
Limiting AA Theory
 First limiting AA = the essential AA
supplied in the smallest amount relative
to requirements
 Second limiting AA = the essential AA
supplied in the second smallest amount
relative to requirements
Optimum content of Lys in MP
0.15
7.2
Milk protein content responses, g/100 g
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
-0.20
-0.25
4.4
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.0
6.4
6.8
7.2
7.6
8.0
Percent Lys in MP (Met > 1.95 of MP)
8.4
8.8
9.2
9.6
10.0
Optimum content of Met in MP
0.20
Milk protein content responses, (g/100 g)
2.4
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
-0.20
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
Percent Met in MP (Lys > 6.50 of MP)
3.00
3.20
3.40
Current knowledge regarding optimum
AA concentrations in MP
Lysine
Methionine
Optimal
Lys/Met ratio
NRC (2001), revised
6.83
2.28
3.00
CPM-Dairy
7.46
2.57
2.90
AMTS v.3.3.4
6.97
2.53
2.75
Model
Whitehouse et al. (2013)
Goal : To meet RDP and RUP requirements for
optimum performance with minimum amounts of each
1)
RDP – purpose is to meet the ammonia and AA requirements of rumen
microbes for maximum carbohydrate digestion and synthesis of microbial
protein
2) RUP – purpose is to provide the additional AA, in the correct balance, that
the cow requires that are not provided by microbial protein
Practical Protein and Amino Acid
Balancing Guidelines
6 steps
1. Feed a blend of high quality fermentable feeds and physically
effective fiber to maximize synthesis of VFA and microbial protein
Right blend of carbohydrates?
PLANT CARBOHYDRATES
Cell
contents
Organic
acids
Sugars Starches
Cell
walls
Fructans
(glucose,
fructose,
sucrose,
lactose)
Pectic
substances
and
B-glucan
Hemicellulose
Cellulose
NDSF
NDSC (NFC)
ADF
NDF
Hall, 1999
Practical Amino Acid balancing
Guidelines
6 steps
1. Feed a blend of high quality fermentable feeds and physically
effective fiber to maximize synthesis of VFA and microbial protein
2. Feed adequate but not excessive levels of RDP to meet rumen
bacterial requirements for AA and ammonia to allow for maximum
CHO digestion and synthesis of microbial protein
Factors affecting RDP requirements
1) Intake and mixture of fermentable carbohydrates
Fermentable carbohydrates
RDP
Microbial protein
VFA’s
2) Quality of RDP (relative supplies of protein, free AA and ammonia and
rate of degradation)
Practical Amino Acid balancing
Guidelines
6 steps
1. Feed a blend of high quality fermentable feeds and physically
effective fiber to maximize synthesis of VFA and microbial protein
2. Feed adequate but not excessive levels of RDP to meet rumen
bacterial requirements for AA and ammonia to allow for maximum
CHO digestion and synthesis of microbial protein
3. Feed high-Lys protein supplements or a combination of high-Lys
protein supplements and a RPLYS supplement to achieve a level of
Lys in MP that comes close to meeting the optimal concentration
Current knowledge regarding optimum
AA concentrations in MP
Lysine
Methionine
Optimal
Lys/Met ratio
NRC (2001), revised
6.83
2.28
3.00
CPM-Dairy
7.46
2.57
2.90
AMTS v.3.3.4
6.97
2.53
2.75
Model
Whitehouse et al. (2013)
Lys and Met in lean tissue, milk, rumen bacteria and
feedstuffs (% of protein), relative to predicted
optimum concentrations in MP
Lys Met His
Lys Met His
Tissue
6.3
Brewer’s grains
4.1
Milk
7.7
Canola meal
5.6
Bacteria
7.9
Corn DDGS
2.2
Corn gluten feed
2.7
Corn gluten meal
1.7
Cotton seed
4.3
Ideal
7.2
Alfalfa silage
4.4
Linseed meal
3.7
Corn silage
2.5
Soybean meal
6.3
Grass silage
3.3
Blood meal
9.0
Barley
3.6
Feather meal
2.6
Corn
2.8
Fish meal
7.7
Wheat
2.8
Meat meal
5.4
Commercially available RP-Lys
supplements in the United States
Lys supplements
 AjiPro-L
 AminoShure-L
 LysiPEARL
 Lysine 35
 Megamine-L
 MetaboLys
 USA Lysine
Practical Amino Acid balancing
Guidelines
6 steps
1. Feed a blend of high quality fermentable feeds and physically
effective fiber to maximize synthesis of VFA and microbial protein
2. Feed adequate but not excessive levels of RDP to meet rumen
bacterial requirements for AA and ammonia to allow for maximum
CHO digestion and synthesis of microbial protein
3. Feed high-Lys protein supplements or a combination of high-Lys
protein supplements and a RPLYS supplement to achieve a level of
Lys in MP that comes close to meeting the optimal concentration
4. Feed a “rumen-protected” Met supplement in amounts “needed” to
achieve optimum Lys/Met ratio in MP…then fine tune for maximal
milk protein concentrations
Current knowledge regarding optimum
AA concentrations in MP
Lysine
Methionine
Optimal
Lys/Met ratio
NRC (2001), revised
6.83
2.28
3.00
CPM-Dairy
7.46
2.57
2.90
AMTS v.3.3.4
6.97
2.53
2.75
Model
Whitehouse et al. (2013)
Lys and Met in lean tissue, milk, rumen bacteria and
feedstuffs (% of protein), relative to predicted
optimum concentrations in MP
Lys Met His
Lys Met His
Tissue
6.3
1.8
Brewer’s grains
4.1
1.7
Milk
7.7
2.7
Canola meal
5.6
1.9
Bacteria
7.9
2.6
Corn DDGS
2.2
1.8
Corn gluten feed
2.7
1.6
Corn gluten meal
1.7
2.4
Cotton seed
4.3
1.7
Ideal
7.2
2.5
Alfalfa silage
4.4
1.4
Linseed meal
3.7
1.8
Corn silage
2.5
1.5
Soybean meal
6.3
1.4
Grass silage
3.3
1.2
Blood meal
9.0
1.2
Barley
3.6
1.7
Feather meal
2.6
0.8
Corn
2.8
2.1
Fish meal
7.7
2.8
Wheat
2.8
1.6
Meat meal
5.4
1.4
Commercially available ruminant AA
supplements in the United States
Lys supplements
Met supplements
 AjiPro-L
 Smartamine M®
 LysiPEARL
 Mepron® M85
 Lysine 35
 AminoShure-M
 Megamine-L
 MetiPEARL
 MetaboLys
 USA Lysine
 MetaSmart® (HMBi)
 Alimet®
 Rhodimet AT 88®
 MFP™ (CaMHA)
Practical Amino Acid balancing
Guidelines
6 steps
1. Feed a blend of high quality fermentable feeds and physically
effective fiber to maximize synthesis of VFA and microbial protein
2. Feed adequate but not excessive levels of RDP to meet rumen
bacterial requirements for AA and ammonia to allow for maximum
CHO digestion and synthesis of microbial protein
3. Feed high-Lys protein supplements or a combination of high-Lys
protein supplements and a RPLYS supplement to achieve a level of
Lys in MP that comes close to meeting the optimal concentration
4. Feed a “rumen-protected” Met supplement in amounts “needed” to
achieve optimum Lys/Met ratio in MP…then fine tune for maximal
milk protein concentrations
5. Limit RUP supplementation to what the “cows say” is
needed…reductions of 1 to 2 percentage units of DM are common
How much supplemental RUP do
you feed?
Factors affecting RUP requirements (all of which we never quite know):
1) Intestinal supply of microbial protein
2) RUP digestibility
3) RUP-Lys digestibility*
4) Concentrations of Lys and Met in MP*
Effect of Lys and Met in MP on amounts of MP and RUP
required to provide 180 g MP-Lys and 60 g MP-Met
Lys in
MP1
(%)
MP
Microbial
required1
MP1
(g/d)
(g/d)
Endog.
MP1
(g/d)
Required
MP from Required Required
RUP
RUP2
RUP3
(g/d)
(g/d)
(% DM)
5.7/1.9
3157
1390
121
1646
2058
8.1
6.0/3.0
3000
1390
121
1489
1861
7.3
6.3/2.1
2857
1390
121
1346
1683
6.6
6.6/2.2
2727
1390
121
1216
1520
6.0
6.9/2.3
2609
1390
121
1098
1372
5.4
1 NRC
(2001) was used as model of choice. Ration was balanced for 40.9 kg of 3.2%
protein milk. MP required = 2857 g
2 Assumed an average RUP digestibility of 80%
3 DM intake assumed to be 25.5 kg
Practical Amino Acid balancing
Guidelines
6 steps
1. Feed a blend of high quality fermentable feeds and physically
effective fiber to maximize synthesis of VFA and microbial protein
2. Feed adequate but not excessive levels of RDP to meet rumen
bacterial requirements for AA and ammonia to allow for maximum
CHO digestion and synthesis of microbial protein
3. Feed high-Lys protein supplements or a combination of high-Lys
protein supplements and a RPLYS supplement to achieve a level of
Lys in MP that comes close to meeting the optimal concentration
4. Feed a “rumen-protected” Met supplement in amounts “needed” to
achieve optimum Lys/Met ratio in MP…then fine tune for maximal
milk protein concentrations
5. Limit RUP supplementation to what the “cows” say is
needed…reductions of 1 to 2 percentage units of DM are common
6. Monitor His levels in MP closely
Lys and Met in lean tissue, milk, rumen bacteria and
feedstuffs (% of protein), relative to predicted
optimum concentrations in MP
Lys Met His
Lys Met His
Tissue
6.3
1.8
2.4
Brewer’s grains
4.1
1.7
2.0
Milk
7.7
2.7
2.7
Canola meal
5.6
1.9
2.8
Bacteria
7.9
2.6
2.0
Corn DDGS
2.2
1.8
2.5
Corn gluten feed
2.7
1.6
2.9
Corn gluten meal
1.7
2.4
2.1
Cotton seed
4.3
1.7
2.8
Ideal
7.2
2.5
2.4
Alfalfa silage
4.4
1.4
1.7
Linseed meal
3.7
1.8
2.0
Corn silage
2.5
1.5
1.8
Soybean meal
6.3
1.4
2.8
Grass silage
3.3
1.2
1.7
Blood meal
9.0
1.2
6.4
Barley
3.6
1.7
2.3
Feather meal
2.6
0.8
1.2
Corn
2.8
2.1
3.1
Fish meal
7.7
2.8
2.8
Wheat
2.8
1.6
2.4
Meat meal
5.4
1.4
2.1
Is His limiting after Lys and Met?
Ingredients
Adequate
MP
Deficient
MP
Corn silage
40.2
40.2
Alfalfa haylage
16.7
16.6
Grass hay
5.8
5.8
Cottonseed hulls
1.1
1.1
Corn grain, ground
5.7
11.7
Bakery by-product meal
7.4
7.4
RDP
9.8
9.1
Roasted whole soybeans
5.5
6.6
RUP
5.9
4.5
Canola meal, mechanically
extracted
5.0
3.0
CP
15.7
13.6
Soy Plus
5.5
0.5
Molasses
4.2
4.2
AMP
DMP
% of DM
Lee et al. (2012)
Is His limiting after Lys and Met?
AMP
DMP
DMPLM
DMPLMH
P value
DM intake, kg/d
24.5
23.0
23.7
24.3
0.06
Milk, kg/d
38.8a
35.2b
36.9ab
38.5a
<0.01
Milk protein, %
2.98
2.94
2.99
3.03
0.23
Milk protein, g/d
1130a
1010b
1100a
1140a
<0.01
Milk fat, %
3.50
3.51
3.32
3.30
0.44
Milk fat, g/d
1340
1200
1210
1230
0.10
MUN, mg/dl
13.0a
10.3bc
10.1c
11.1b
<0.01
BUN, mg/dl
11.5a
6.8b
7.6b
8.0b
<0.01
Lee et al. (2012)
Benefits of increasing Lys and Met in MP to more
adequate levels
1) Increased milk component concentrations
 No longer uncommon to hear reports of increases in milk protein
concentrations of 0.20 to 0.25 percentage units and increases in
milk fat concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 percentage units…often on
less dietary RUP.
 Increases in milk protein percentages are the most visible of the
responses to better AA nutrition…”the tip of the iceberg”!
 You don’t have to accept low components because of high
production
2.50
April
May
June
July
August
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
June
July
August
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Percent
Monthly Average Fat and Protein % - Wisconsin Dairy
4.10
3.90
3.70
3.50
3.30
3.10
2.90
2.70
2007
2008
2009
Year - Month
2010
2011
Fat
Protein
Benefits of increasing Lys and Met in MP to more
adequate levels
1)
2)
Increased milk component concentrations
Increased milk yield…particularly in early lactation cows
 Early studies indicated 2 to 5 lb more milk in early lactation…more
recent studies have shown 5 to 10 lb more milk
Milk yield responses to feeding RP-Lys or RP-Lys
+ Met to early lactation cows in 15 experiments
Benefits of increasing Lys and Met in MP to more
adequate levels
1)
2)
Increased milk component concentrations
Increased milk yield…particularly in early lactation cows
 Early studies indicated 2 to 5 lb more milk in early lactation…more
recent studies have shown 5 to 10 lb more milk
 Increased milk yields in early lactation may or may not be accompanied
by increases in milk protein percentages if levels of Lys and Met in MP are
not pushed high enough
 If you see an increase in milk protein percentage, assume at least some
increase in milk yield!
Benefits of increasing Lys and Met in MP to more
adequate levels
1)
2)
3)
Increased milk component concentrations
Increased milk yield…particularly in early lactation cows
Reduced requirement for RUP for similar or higher milk milk
component levels and milk yields
Benefits of increasing Lys and Met in MP to more
adequate levels
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Increased milk component concentrations
Increased milk yield…particularly in early lactation cows
Reduced requirement for RUP for similar or higher milk milk
component levels and milk yields
More predictable changes in milk production to changes in RUP supply
Less metabolic disorders
INCREASED HERD PROFITABILITY
Transition Cows
 Feed intake does not keep pace with nutritional needs
 Some important metabolic changes:
1) Fat and protein mobilization (and other nutrients)
2) BW loss and usually dramatic increases in plasma NEFA
3) Increased uptake of FA by the liver (often in amounts that exceed
capacity for oxidation)
4) Increased ketone production (ketosis)
5) Increased storage of TG in the liver (fatty liver)
6) Reduced liver function (e.g., depressed glucose production)
7) Increased inflammation [characterized by an increase in production of
posAPP (e.g., haptoglobin and serum amyloid A) and a decrease in the
production of negAPP (e.g., albumin)]. The trigger for these responses
are the pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-1 and TNF-α)
8) Increased oxidative stress…the result of an imbalance between
production of ROM and the neutralizing capacity of antioxidant
mechanisms
Negative impacts of ketosis and
fatty liver
 Increased risk for herd removal (3x) (McArt et al., 2012)
 Increased risk for displaced abomasum (2.6x to 19.3x in 3
studies) (early detection and treatment of subclinical ketosis with
oral propylene glycol reduces risk)
 Increased risk for metritris (2.3x to 3.4x in 2 studies)
 Impaired fertility – results are inconsistent (early detection and
treatment of subclinical ketosis with oral propylene glycol
increases first service conception)
 Obvious economic impact on herd profitability!
Oetzel, 2012
Fatty Liver
 50-60% of cows experience moderate to
severe fatty liver…peak fat content is
about 10 days after calving
 “Fatty liver is a classic symptom for
choline deficiency, therefore it is
reasonable to question if transition cows
are typically deficient in choline”
(Grummer, 2012)
 Question: Might it also be reasonable to
question if a Met deficiency, or AA
deficiencies in general, contribute to fatty
livers since protein synthesis is a
fundamental initial step to virtually every
metabolic reaction?
Findings regarding protein metabolism
of transition cows
 The RUP requirements of post-fresh transition cows are higher
than at any other time within their lactation
 An evaluation of dry cow diets with NRC (2001) and research
experiments both indicate most post-fresh transition cows
within a herd will experience deficiencies of MP (100 to 600
g/d) (3 to 15 kg milk)
 Shortages of MP are extremely variable among transition cows
(contributing factors are on DIM, DMI and milk yield, health
status, etc.)
 Conclusion: First 2-3 wk of lactation clearly challenges the AA
status of the cow. So…the question is “How important is it to
balance diets of transition cows for AA?”
Benefits of higher levels of Lys and
Met in MP for transition cows
 Higher DM intake
 More milk and higher protein milk
 Energy balance and NEFA usually not affected
 However, evidence exists the liver is healthier:
Fat doesn’t accumulate as fast (Osorio et al., 2013)
 Evidence of greater VLDL synthesis (Bauchart et al., 1992; Osorio
et al., 2013)
 Pathways associated with carbohydrate metabolism are
significantly impacted (e.g., gluconeogenesis) (Osorio et al., 2013)
 Decreased plasma ceruloplasmin and serum amyloid A, and
increased total antioxidants and glutathione (antioxidant) (Osorio et
al., submitted)
 Met supplementation, in the presence of high Lys, appears to reduce
the inflammatory state after calving

Milk yield responses to feeding RP-Lys or RP-Lys
+ Met to early lactation cows in 15 experiments
Benefits of higher levels of Lys and
Met in MP for transition cows
 Higher DM intake
 More milk and higher protein milk
 Energy balance and NEFA usually not affected
 New evidence indicates the liver and cow are healthier:





Fat doesn’t accumulate as fast (Osorio et al., 2013)
Greater VLDL synthesis (Bauchart et al., 1992; Osorio et al., 2013)
Pathways associated with carbohydrate metabolism are
significantly impacted (e.g., gluconeogenesis) (Osorio et al., 2013)
Decreased plasma ceruloplasmin and serum amyloid A, and
increased total antioxidants and glutathione (antioxidant) (Osorio et
al., submitted)
These studies indicate that Met supplementation, in the presence
of high Lys, enhanced the antioxidant capacity and reduced the
inflammatory signaling in the liver
Advances in Protein and Amino Acid
Nutrition
 Diet evaluation and ration formulation models are getting better in
predicting RDP, RUP and AA supplies to the cow




NRC (2001) and Formulate II
Spartan
AMTS.Cattle and NDS Professional (both use CNCPS v.6.1 biology)
Nittany Cow Ration Evaluator
 Feed testing labs are providing more information
 Estimates of digestibility (NDF, starch, RUP, etc.)
 More chemical components (lactic acid, VFA, sugars, AA, etc.)
 More commercial sources of RP-Met and Lys supplements
 Only way to meet “really” meet Met requirements
 Easier to meet Lys requirements
 Gaining appreciation for differences in efficacy of products
 More precise protein nutrition
healthier cows + more
milk + higher component milk + lower CP feeding
Summary and Conclusions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Protein nutrition has evolved from balancing rations for CP to balancing
for RDP, RUP and AA in MP
Cows require AA for tissue and protein synthesis
AA balancing is important for optimizing usage of “bypass protein” and
maximizing milk and milk component synthesis, transition cow health,
and dairy herd profitability
Choose protein and AA supplements carefully
As expected, health and production impacts are greatest in early
lactation cows, whereas benefits on RUP sparing are greatest in cows
after peak DM intake